The use of formal education in Denmark 1980-1992

11

due to public consumption. It was so in 1980 in it remained so in 1992. It should also be
noticed, that the share in public consumption for some important groups were higher in 1992
than in 1980. This goes for types of education typically chosen by young females: teaching and
nursing at all levels, and it is due to lower shares of un-employed and non-active in 1992
compared to 1980, as can be seen from the bottom right part of figure 5. Danish women
receive formal education for specific tasks in the public sector and during the 1980s and 1990s
they stayed increasingly active on the labour market throughout periods with children.

The aggregation in figure 5 comprises 14 types/levels of further education. In 6 of them more
than 50% of all in 1992 were employed due to public consumption. In another 6 groups
between 30 and 15 percent were employed due to public consumption. In the final 2 groups
the share in public consumption were at the same level as for people with no formal education.
No types/levels of further education were less employed due to public consumption, than the
non-educated adults. Domestic, public sector factors are important for the employment Danes
with further education, and this of course also goes for their wages.

A little less than 17% of adults with no formal education were in 1992 employed due to
exports. This is slightly less than their share in public consumption. All three levels of
technical type further education are a relatively more than the non-educated oriented towards
exports. Four vocational groups: food, metal, graphic, and other have large shares in export.
The latter because other include education oriented toward agriculture and transport like
agronomists, pilots, trained farmers and -sailors. For almost all types of education larger
shares were found in exports in 1992 than in 1980. Compared to average, the non-educated
had a little larger drop in export-employment than in domestic employment, and the
vocational-level educated had their largest increase in exports, as it is seen from figure 3. This
could be a weak sign of crowding out effects for non-educated due to foreign competition.

Most specialized toward domestic marked uses (investment and private consumption) are
people with vocational level construction types of education: bricklayers, carpenters,
plumbers etc. This is the only group where more than 50 percent of all 15-59 years old are
employed due to domestic market uses. All levels of technical education are more represented
in domestic market uses than in exports. Even for these groups domestic factor are very

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