1.1 Context
1.2 Recession, debt and structural adjustment
1.3 Population growth and demographic change.
1.3.1 Population growth
1.3.2 Fertility and health
1.3.3 Increasing HIV infection
1.3.4 Urbanisation
1.3.5 Displaced populations and refugees
1.4 Scientific and technological change
1.5 Environmental degradation
1.6 Good government and human rights.
1.7 The education of girls and women
2. An analysis of research evidence on education and development
2.1 Education and economic development
2.1.2 Education and productivity
2.1.3 Educational investment and externalities
2.1.4 Education, equity and income distribution
2.1.5 Concluding remark
2.2 School achievement, the IEA data and effective schools studies
2.2.1 School achievement studies
2.2.2 Recent methodological developments
2.2.3 Some results from the IEA science studies
2.2.4 A note on the effective schools literature
2.3 Technical and vocational education
2.3.1 Rationales
2.3.2 Approaches
2.3.3 Purposes
2.3.4 Cost effectiveness