Chapter 3: Agrarian Structure, Land Markets, and Property Transfers 79
I. Introduction 79
II. Agrarian structure 79
A. Land base 79
B. Crop land utilization 80
C. Livestock grazing utilization 83
D. Type of farming unit 85
E. Parcel holdings 85
III. Current structure, commercial farm sector 87
IV. Changes over time in farm structure 90
V. Private transfers 95
VI. Official land transfers 98
A. Regional distribution of transfers 99
B. Average values 103
C. Lease issuances 103
D. Mortgages and the credit market 104
VII. Land use 104
VIII. Size distribution of leases 106
IX. Foreign offers 108
Annex 3.1: Number of commercial farms, by province 110
Annex 3.2: Area of commercial farms by province, 1976-1990 111
Annex 3.3: Private transfers, commercial sector, 1976-1990 112
Annex 3.4: Property transfers, national total 113
Annex 3.5: Issuances of leases, national total 113
Annex 3.6: Reentries and surrenders, national totals 114
Annex 3.7: Liens and mortgages, national total 114
Chapter 4: Land Valuation and Taxation 115
I. Introduction 115
II. Transfer taxes, fees, and other transactions costs 116
A. Transfer tax 116
B. Incidence and shifting of the transfer tax 118
C. Revenue yield and tax evasion 118
D. Registration fees or stamp duty 119
E. Planning department scrutiny fees 119
F. Revenues of the Lands Department 119
III. Taxation of rural and urban improvements ("rates") 122
A. Form of taxation 122
B. Speculation 122
C. Setting rates 123
D. Rate valuations 124
E. Nominal and effective rates of taxation 125
IV. Valuation of land and improvements in Zambia 126
A. Valuation process 126
B. Impact of the "Watershed Speech" 127
C. Reappearance of the market 128
V. Determination of ground rents 129
A. Existing policy 129
B. Proposed mechanisms for setting ground rents 131
iv