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____________________________________________________TABLE 4____________________________________________________ | |
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Characteristics of farm households by migration categories | |
|
Variable_______________ |
___________NO MIGRATION_____TEMPORARY______PERMANENT____INTERNATIONAL |
|
Obs |
Mean |
St Dev. |
Obs |
Mean |
St Dev. |
Obs |
Mean |
St Dev. |
Obs |
Mean |
St Dev. | |
|
Household characteristics and assets | ||||||||||||
|
Household size (including migrants) |
2417 |
5,37 |
2,25 |
411 |
5,93 |
2,30 |
431 |
7,05 |
2,71 |
145 |
8,81 |
3,68 |
|
Average education level of hh. members |
2417 |
1,85 |
2,15 |
411 |
0,91 |
1,53 |
431 |
2,85 |
2,63 |
145 |
3,53 |
2,15 |
|
Land size (acre) |
2417 |
0,77 |
1,37 |
411 |
0,47 |
1,16 |
431 |
0,84 |
1,08 |
145 |
1,81 |
1,92 |
|
Land size (p.a.e) |
2417 |
0,18 |
0,29 |
411 |
0,09 |
0,19 |
431 |
0,15 |
0,20 |
145 |
0,25 |
0,24 |
|
Area of land operated (acre) |
2417 |
1,97 |
2,20 |
411 |
1,38 |
2,78 |
431 |
1,6 |
1,77 |
145 |
2,8 |
3,06 |
|
Area of irrigated land (acre) |
2417 |
0,89 |
1,36 |
411 |
0,31 |
0,93 |
431 |
0,39 |
0,82 |
145 |
0,62 |
0,73 |
|
Cattle owned (unit) |
2417 |
1,19 |
1,74 |
411 |
0,57 |
1,13 |
431 |
0,75 |
1,19 |
145 |
1,15 |
1,45 |
|
Cattle owned (pae) |
2417 |
0,27 |
0,39 |
411 |
0,11 |
0,20 |
431 |
0,13 |
0,23 |
145 |
0,15 |
0,18 |
|
Average number of migrants per household |
2417 |
0 |
0,00 |
411 |
1,1 |
0,34 |
431 |
1,3 |
0,61 |
145 |
1,4 |
0 .64 |
|
Income flows | ||||||||||||
|
Crop income (pae) (Taka) |
2417 |
3212,41 |
4174,99 |
411 |
1259,79 |
6882,01 |
431 |
2125,13 |
3198,34 |
145 |
3865,26 |
6450,04 |
|
Crop income as % of tot.income |
2417 |
38% |
0,28 |
411 |
20% |
0,19 |
431 |
26% |
0,21 |
145 |
22% |
0,20 |
|
Agricultural income b (pae) |
2417 |
1175,25 |
1320,58 |
411 |
628,1 |
762,97 |
431 |
922,61 |
1317,74 |
145 |
1318,19 |
1680,07 |
|
Agricultural income as % of tot.income |
2417 |
17% |
0,17 |
411 |
13% |
0,14 |
431 |
14% |
0,15 |
145 |
9% |
0,09 |
|
Off-farm income (excluding remittances) (pae) |
2417 |
3135,85 |
4110,85 |
411 |
2456,27 |
4627,52 |
431 |
1202,28 |
1970,31 |
145 |
759,16 |
1479,74 |
|
Off-farm income as % of tot.income |
2417 |
43,31% |
0,32 |
411 |
50,13% |
0,21 |
431 |
18,50% |
0,24 |
145 |
6,17% |
0,11 |
|
Income from pond (pae) |
2417 |
130,27 |
440,80 |
411 |
104,7 |
182,31 |
431 |
273,11 |
552,61 |
145 |
431,4 |
683,70 |
|
Income from pond as % of tot.income |
2417 |
2% |
0,05 |
411 |
2% |
0,04 |
431 |
4% |
0,06 |
145 |
3% |
0,04 |
|
Amount of 'temporary' remittances (pae) |
2417 |
0 |
0,00 |
411 |
785,68 |
1342,54 |
431 |
67,66 |
334,45 |
145 |
22 |
105,20 |
|
Amount of ‘permanent’ remittances (pae) |
2417 |
0 |
0,00 |
411 |
0 |
0,00 |
431 |
2619,19 |
3362,44 |
145 |
430,16 |
2488,83 |
|
Amount of ‘international’ remittances (pae) |
2417 |
0 |
0,00 |
411 |
0 |
0,00 |
431 |
0 |
0,00 |
145 |
12842,9 |
34696,75 |
|
Tot. remittances as % of tot.income |
2417 |
0 |
0,00 |
411 |
15% |
0,14 |
431 |
39% |
0,28 |
60% |
0,24 | |
|
Total gross income (pae) |
2417 |
7626,96 |
6488,28 |
411 |
5194,17 |
11673,76 |
431 |
7185,19 |
5991,46 |
145 |
19665,2 |
37887,29 |
|
Amount of total loans from Ngos (pae) |
2417 |
331,95 |
1058,65 |
411 |
121,47 |
456,05 |
431 |
46,89 |
291,73 |
145 |
23,68 |
174,66 |
|
% of hhs adopting HYVs of rice |
2417 |
24,6% |
0,47 |
411 |
15.5% |
0,36 |
431 |
15,6% |
0,36 |
145 |
18,6% |
0,39 |
|
% of poor households8________________________ |
2417 |
30,04% |
0,46 |
411 |
51,34% |
0,50 |
431 |
36,43% |
0,48 |
145 |
4,83% |
0,22 |
Pae = per adult equivalent (including migrant members)
a) The poverty line is based on the Food Adequacy Standard and has been set at 4200 Tk per (adult male equivalent) head per annum for 1994 (see Mendola 2003)
b) Agricultural income = homestead earnings, livestock, wood, straw.
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