Table A7. Specialization and Trade Openness at the Country Level: Robustness Results
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) | |
|
Manuf. Trade/Output Total Trade/GDP Herfindahl of exports |
0.378+ |
0.297** |
0.196** |
0.230* 0.481** |
0.181** 0.479* |
0.166** 0.209+ |
0.242** |
0.362** |
0.229** 0.483** |
|
GDP per capita |
0.276 |
-0.057 |
-0.179** |
-0.080 |
0.041 |
-0.103+ |
-0.154** |
-0.167** |
0.440 |
|
(GDP per capita)2 Pop. density Population Mining GDP share Agr. GDP share |
(0.327) |
(0.098) |
(0.036) |
(0.166) |
(0.103) |
(0.056) |
(0.056) |
(0.053) |
(0.717) |
|
Constant |
-4.807 |
-1.501+ |
-0.611+ |
-0.553 |
-1.745** |
-0.965** |
-0.737 |
-0.562 |
-4.994 |
|
(3.017) |
(0.763) |
(0.325) |
(1.645) |
(0.572) |
(0.338) |
(0.462) |
(0.449) |
(3.251) | |
|
Observations |
20 |
36 |
53 |
20 |
36 |
53 |
56 |
55 |
53 |
|
R2_________________ |
0.253 |
0.162 |
0.430 |
0.721 |
0.408 |
0.505 |
0.156 |
- |
0.605 |
|
Sample |
Developed |
Developing |
no outliers |
Developed |
Developing |
no outliers |
full |
fa∏ |
full |
|
Estimation |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
IV |
OLS |
Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses. + significant at 10%; * significant at 5%; ** significant at 1%. The sample period is 1970-99. The
dependent variable is the log Herfindahl index of manufacturing production shares (averaged over the period). All regressors are in natural logs (except
Pop. density, Population, Mining and Agr.) and are period averages. In the instrumental variables regressions, the instrument for trade openness is the
natural openness from Prankel and Romer (1999).