Design and investigation of scalable multicast recursive protocols for wired and wireless ad hoc networks

establishing a new connection instead of the broken one. This issue will be discussed in
detail in Section 5.4.

EM2NET [7] is a routing protocol for explicit multicast ad hoc protocols, which employs
the idea of Intercepting Nodes (IN) to serve a set of destinations in the network. These
INs will support load distribution among nodes also this proposed protocol gives a
suggestion of how to detect link breakage caused by node mobility. EM2NET [7] has
similar objectives to our proposed protocol in the way of data packet delivery. However,
our proposed protocol uses different types of messages to build the multicast group
members tree where the details has not been mentioned in EM2NET. SARM also has the
originality of building the tree gradually and recursively which can be important feature
for ad hoc networks. Additionally, our proposed work, efficiently covers the joining and
leaving of members when node movement happens with low latency.

5.2 Inherited features from SReM

The new proposed protocols are extension to the previously discussed protocol SReM.
Hence, there are some features that are inherited from SReM and used by the new
proposed protocols, which are as follows:

• Tree construction and maintenance

The proposed protocols use the dynamic branching node-based tree (DBT) to
establish the multicast tree, where multicast tree is processed gradually and
dynamically among branching nodes as the joining /leaving of members of a
multicast group, not in advance. DBT is set up by the use of a pair of Branching Node
Message(s) BNMs, i.e., enquiring BNM (eBNM) and replying BNM (rBNM). BNMs
carry the information such as the previous BNR, one next BNR, and new LMR, as
detailed in the previous chapter (see Section 4.3.2 & Section 4.3.3). These messages
also used for tree maintenance in the case where the join/leave of nodes will cause
changes in the tree structure discussed in Section 4.4.4.

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