The name is absent



Chapter 5

5.4. Clay solids separation from rag layer (effects of pH and shaking)

In this section we show that a second step of the separation involving
increasing pH of the system can emulsify the oil to form an oil-in-water emulsion
and separate oil from clay solids.

5.4.1. Methods

Emulsion samples were prepared with silicate at initial pH 8.5. 200 ppm
demulsifier PR5 was added to the emulsion samples immediately after preparation.
Top clean oil layer was removed 24 hours after adding PR5. After separating the
clean oil layer, five samples were prepared then stored at 50 0C. Samples 7 -11
were prepared as shown in Table 5.2. Photographs were taken 24 hours later.

Table 5.2 Emulsion samples with 200 ppm PR5 and different alkali at different pH
after removing top clean oil layer

Sample

Na2SiO3

NaOH

Shaking

Initial pH

Equilibrium pH

7

I

I

without

8.5

8.0-8.5

8

I

2.0x10'4 M

without

8.8

8.5

9

I

I

with

8.5

8.0-8.5

10

I

2.0x10'4 M

with

8.8

8.5

11

1.0x10^4M

I

with

8.8

8.5

Slides were prepared by sampling from different positions of emulsion

samples for making microscopy observations. In the observation of clay solids

152



More intriguing information

1. The name is absent
2. The name is absent
3. Reform of the EU Sugar Regime: Impacts on Sugar Production in Ireland
4. Barriers and Limitations in the Development of Industrial Innovation in the Region
5. The name is absent
6. Integration, Regional Specialization and Growth Differentials in EU Acceding Countries: Evidence from Hungary
7. The Economics of Uncovered Interest Parity Condition for Emerging Markets: A Survey
8. ROBUST CLASSIFICATION WITH CONTEXT-SENSITIVE FEATURES
9. The name is absent
10. Infrastructure Investment in Network Industries: The Role of Incentive Regulation and Regulatory Independence