The name is absent

Chapter 5

Based on the comparison of emulsion (dilution ratio 0.7) separation with 1%
solids (in Figure 5.1, at 50 ⁰C) and 6.9% solids (in Figure 5.17, at 80 ⁰C), the
emulsion with higher solid content is more stable. The rag layer in emulsion with
6.9% solids is thicker. The reason could be that more solids will adsorb or entrap
more oil and form a thicker rag layer.

Emulsion sample with silicate has better separation than that without silicate.
The residual water and solids content in oil layer of the sample with silicate is
smaller than that without silicate.

Treating rag layer in a separate stream can separate oil from solids and
break the rag layer. If the clean oil is removed after initial demulsification,
increasing pH with shaking can destroy the rag layer. A better separation would be
expected when this applying three-step separation.

5.11. Reference

[1] L. Kotlyar, B. Sparks, J. Woods, S. Raymond, Y. Le Page, W. Shelfantook,
Distribution and Types of Solids Associated with Bitumen, Pet. Sci. Technol.,
1998, 16, 1-19.

[2] X. Yang, S. Wang, Investigation and Characterization of Fine Solids Isolated
From a Froth Treatment Plant, SPE∕PS-CIM∕CHOA 97788

[3] D. Sztukowski, H. Yarranton, Oilfield solids and water-in-oil emulsion stability,
J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2005, 285, 821-833.

[4] B. Sparks, B L. Kotlyar, J. O’Carroll, K. Chung, Athabasca oil sands: effect of

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