42
RICE UNIVERSITY STUDIES
don, in LM, November 27, 1958; and the chain of articles promoting profit-sharing
legislation in 1966 and 1967 in Notre République.
35. Sondages, No. 2 (1963), 61. By April, 1965, the public image of the UNR
was less firmly Rightist. At that time only 39 percent of persons sampled labelled it
“Right,” 23 percent as “Center,” 3 percent as “Left,” and 35 percent had no opinion.
Sondnges, No. 1 (1966). 41.
36. Among the Protestants are such leaders as Louis Vallon, Jacques Baumel1
Raymond Schmittlein, Maurice Couve de Murville, and (former Gaullist) Jacques
Soustelle. Among the Jews is former minister Gaston Palewski. The UNR — like the
RPF before it — receives numerous votes from Protestants in Alsace, which is one of
its safest strongholds. See n. 68 below.
37. See Nicholas Wahl. “French Constitution of 1958, Part II, The Initial Draft
and its Origins,” American Political Science Review, LUI, No. 2 (June, 1959), 358-382.
38. On the “stalemate society,” see Stanley Hoffmann’s perceptive essay, “Para-
doxes of the French Political Community,” in Hoffmann et al., In Search of France
(Cambridge, Mass., 1963).
39. See René Rémond. La Droite en France (rev. ed.. Paris, 1963). pp. 279-292;
and also by Rémond, “L'Enigme de I’U.N.R.,” Esprit, No. 2 (February, 1963), 317-
319.
40. Critics of the Left delight in pointing out that a number of prominent figures
in the Fifth Republic (as in the Fourth, these critics need be reminded) have connec-
tions with big business and big finance. Georges Pompidou has been Director Gen-
eral of the Rothschild Bank in Paris. Couve de Murville is from a family of Mar-
seilles bankers. Even Debré was once an administrator in a private firm, not to speak
of the sympathies for big business entertained by Antoine Pinay and Valéry Giscard
d'Estaing. See, for example. "Qu’est-ce que ΓU.N.R.?" Tribune Socialiste. April 28,
1962. See also Henry W. Ehrmann, “French Bureaucracy and Organized Interests."
Administrative Science Quarterly (March. 1961). 534-555.
4L Interestingly enough, in April. 1966, the Communists refused to join the
Socialists in censuring the government for its foreign policy. See René Capitanfs
welcome of their support, Notre République. April 27. 1966.
42. Quoted in LM, June 28. 1966.
43. In a perceptive analogy, Maurice Duverger sees de Gaulle as a modern-day
Disraeli, whose role is to modernize conservatism. “A Man of the 19th or 20th
Century?” in R. Macridis (ed.), De Gaulle, Implacable Ally, p. xx.
44. To the UNR Conseil National, meeting at Asnicrcs in May, 1963, as quoted
in LM, May 21, 1963.
45. P. 30.
46. A total of 227 out of the 465 deputies were found to have been either im-
prisoned by the Germans after the Armistice, or to have been involved in resistance
activity. Mattei Dogan, “Changement de regime et changement de personnel,” in Le
Référendum de septembre et les élections de novembre 1958 (“Cahiers de la Fonda-
tion Nationale des Sciences Politique,” No. 109. Paris, I960), pp. 256-259. This pub-
lication will be referred to hereinafter as Elections 1958.
47. Computations were made from Who's Who in France (Paris, 1963-1964 and
1965-1966 editions), and checked against the official lists of the Compagnons de Ia
Libération and of the Médaille de la Résistance. The “other resistance medal” holders
mentioned above held either the Médaille de Ia France Libre (3), or the Croix du
Combattant Volontaire de la Résistance (11).