TO SURVIVE DE GAULLE
47
118. The party took no official stand on this bill. Roll call #191, May 5, 1965.
119. Roll calls 206, June 8. 1965; 208, June 11. 1965; and 214, June 22, 1965.
120. In a thorough roll-call analysis of the Assembly from 1962-1965, David
Wood categorizes all UNR deputies and all but three Independent Republican depu-
ties as “consistent supporters" of the government. See his "Majority Vs. Opposition
in the French National Assembly. 1956-1965: A Guttman Scale Analysis,” /Imerican
Political Science Review, LXIl, No. 1 (March, 1968). 104-107.
121. Marie-Christine Kessler, "M. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing et les Républicains
Indépendants.” Revue française de science politique, XVI. No. 5 (October, 1966),
940-957; Marielle Bal, "Les Indépendants.” ibid., XV, No. 3 (lune, 1965), 548-555;
Kessler. "M. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing et les Républicains Indépendants," ibid.,
XVIII, No. I (February. 1968), 77-93; and the long excerpts from a press conference
by Giscard d’Estaing in LM, January 12. 1967.
122. Kessler, op. cit.. p. 950; Bal, op. cit., p. 549; and Elections 1962, Table, p. 430.
123. Press conference, reported in LM. July 3-4, 1965. Six months later Giscard
defined the attitude of his group as “oui, mais." to which de Gaulle is said to have
retorted. "On ne gouverne pas avec des mais. .." LM. January 12. 1967.
124. AP 1963, p. 52.
125. Giscard, to a party meeting in Dijon, as quoted in LM. November 24. 1967.
126. He eventually gave in to the plan for single candidacies and won official
approval for 85 Independent Republicans out of 486 Gaullist candidates. On Gis-
card’s organizational activities, see Kessler, op. cit.
127. LM. August 19. 1967. For a disavowal of Giscard by the three Independent
Republican ministers (Marcellin. Chamant. and Bettencourt), see LM. August 25.
1967. Marcellin later created an anti-Giscard Fédération des Républicains Indépend-
ants in Brittany. LM. October 29-30, 1967.
128. Dissident Gaullist candidates, many running under the label “National Center
for the Fifth Republic.” won only .47 percent of the votes cast. François Goguel,
“Les Elections législatives des 5 el 12 mars 1967," Revue française de science poli-
tique. XVII. No. 3 (June. 1967). 437.
129. De Gaulle's personal representative. Olivier Guichard, served as chairman
of the Action Committee's subcommittee on investiture. In his press conference of
October 28. 1966. de Gaulle said; “It is fully understood that, in order to compare
ideas, draw up doctrines and finalize projects, debates are necessary. But from the
moment that the majority takes its stand in the light of facts considered in this way,
that the majority takes its stand in accordance with the State's other responsible
bodies, any division stirred up within it, any divergence would be adverse and con-
demnable. for cohesion is the condition for stability and effectiveness, the raisons
d'être of our system of government, which the nation desired in the place of the
inconsistency and impotency of the past.” Gaullist candidates “... will be clearly
united and will pledge to remain so in order to serve together in the Fifth Repub-
lic; ...” "Full Text of the Fourteenth Press Conference held by French President
Charles de Gaulle,” p. 13.
130. Capitant, "Unité dan la diversité," Notre République, May 20, 1966.
131. The categories, of course, were delineated by Maurice Duverger in Political
Parties (New York. 1959). They have been refined in an interesting fashion by
Francis Sorauf in Political Parties in the American System (Boston, 1964), pp. 160-
162.
132. François Goguel and Alfred Grosser estimate that in 1962 only some 500,000