Sectoral specialisation in the EU a macroeconomic perspective

Table 14 Employment

construction, together with six business sector
services: wholesale and retail trade; hotels and
restaurants; transport and storage; post and
telecommunications; financial intermediation;
and real estate, renting and business activities.

The 11 sectors used for the manufacturing
sector are the following: food products,
beverages and tobacco; textiles, textile
products, leather and footwear; wood and
products of wood and cork; pulp, paper and
paper products; rubber, plastics and fuel
products; chemicals and chemical products;
other non-metallic mineral products; basic
metals and fabricated metal products; machinery
and equipment; transport equipment;
manufacturing NEC, recycling.

For reasons of data availability - no three-digit
level sectoral data were available on a cross-
country comparable basis - the following
classification was applied to proxy the standard
OECD distinction⁵³ between low, medium-low,
medium-high and high technology intensity
sectors:

- low technology classification: food
products, beverages and tobacco; textiles,
textile products, leather and footwear.

- medium-low classification: wood and
products of wood and cork; pulp, paper and
paper products; manufacturing NEC,
recycling.

- medium-high classification: rubber, plastics
and fuel products; other non-metallic mineral
products; basic metals and fabricated metal
products.

53 T. Hatzichronoglou, 1997, “Revision of the high-technology
sector and product classification”, OECD STI-Working Paper,
no 1997/2. This classification is based on the empirical
observation of a relatively stable relationship between the
industry a firm belongs to and its R&D expenditures across
countries and time.

ECB

Occasional Paper No. 19

July 2004

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