The name is absent

Figure 4: Histogram of natteam_it for players from Euro 2008 nations in season 07/08, condi-
tional on natteam_it> 0. The sample excludes goalkeepers, and players of Austrians or Swiss
nationality. TThe number of players is 56, and the number of player-gameday observations 1478.

Of course, several of these theories may matter at the same time; for instance, a player with
an intermediate nomination chan ce may increase training; intensity with two objectives in
mind: improving his nomination chance, and, conditional on being nominated, performing
well in the Cup.

To discriminate between these different theories, we estimate the following differences-
in-differences-in-differences regression equation:

Yi∏t    ^αt + ^γi + Soqu^aIifiednt

+ δ₁qualified_ntnatteam_it + δ₂qualified_ntnatteam_it (1 — natteam_it)

+ ηιnatteamit + η₂natteam_it (1 — natteam_it)

+ ριeurθnnai^teamit + ρ₂eurQnnatteamn (1 - natteamit)

4- π₁after_tnatteam_it + π₂after_tnatteam_it (1 — natteam_it)

^{+ x}intβ ^{+ εin}t.

All three theories predict that δ₀, the effect on players from Euro 2008 nations who have
no realistic chance of being nominated, should be zero. The nomination contest theory
moreover predicts a positive coefficient δ₂. The ‘training theory’ predicts a positive δ₁,

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