used to smooth the financial burden, cf above.
The upward trend in the dependency ratio causes an upward trend in the
tax rate on labour income which in the medium to long run becomes more
than twice the current level, cf. figure 4. Underlying the trend there are some
variations. Initially there is scope for some tax reduction but eventually the
demographic development requires an increasing tax rate.
Figure 4: PAYG-tax
5.2 The sustainable tax rate
Consider alternatively the once and for all change in the tax rate that ensures
fiscal sustainability, cf above. More specifically this gives the permanent change
in the tax rate which ensures that the intertemporal budget constraint for the
public sector is fulfilled.
The sustainable tax rate is 7.9 percentage points ab ove the current rate.
This shows two things. First, current welfare arrangements are not fiscally sus-
tainable despite current surpluses. Second, the needed reforms are substantial
since they should have budgetary consequences equivalent to an increase in the
base tax rate by 7.9 percentage points.
Since there is an underlying trend in the dependency ratio, it is an impli-
cation of the sustainable tax rate that it implies a substantial consolidation of
public finances. That is, it implies a pre-funding strategy (for a further dis-
cussion see Andersen, Pedersen and Houggard Jensen (2005))17 The primary
17 McKissack and Comley (2005) consider pre-funding strategies adopted in some OECD
16