The Effects of Attendance on Academic Performance: Panel Data Evidence for Introductory Microeconomics



Table 3: Determinants of academic performance: IV estimates

Independent variable

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Lectures attended

0.148

0.125

0.038

0.148

0.065

( 2.095)

( 1.719)

( 0.515)

( 2.049)

( 0.873)

High school grade

0.187

0.198

( 4.802)

( 5.050)

Grade point average

0.233

0.223

( 4.279)

( 4.109)

Exams per annum

1.239

1.190

( 3.015)

( 2.873)

Calculus

3.973

3.449

( 3.809)

( 3.321)

Hours of study

0.169

0.139

( 2.306)

( 1.905)

Subject evaluation

0.077

0.067

( 2.125)

( 1.878)

Teacher evaluation

0.142

0.156

( 3.710)

( 4.143)

Year of registration

-3.125

-2.787

-3.039

-2.643

( -4.264)

( -3.782)

( -4.200)

( -3.655)

Female

0.579

-0.833

0.067

-1.328

( 0.695)

( -0.998)

( 0.079)

( -1.582)

Foreign language

-3.439

-4.152

-4.233

-5.033

( -1.517)

( -1.824)

( -1.885)

( -2.218)

Away from home

-4.135

-3.654

-4.861

-4.439

( -2.527)

( -2.186)

( -2.965)

( -2.654)

Adjusted R2

0.249

0.275

0.300

0.279

0.308

Endogeneity test

0.724

0.239

0.270

0.763

0.014

(p-value)

( 0.395)

( 0.625)

( 0.604)

( 0.382)

( 0.905)

Ov. restr. test

18.109

12.116

7.956

111.131

5.838

(p-value)

( 0.000)

( 0.002)

( 0.019)

( 0.000)

( 0.054)

Note: Dependent variable: test score. t-statistics reported in brackets (robust
standard errors). Number of observations: 2913. All specifications include time
fixed effects. Models (2) to (5) also include dummy variables for high school type,
education and occupation for both father and mother, and province of residence.
See section 3 for details on the definition and construction of regressors.
Instruments for
lectures attended : travel time, work, web.

24



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