APPENDIX
Table A.3(continued):
Air pollution damages and the impact of air pollution on working days
|
Marginal |
Cases per 103 |
Working days |
Working days | |
|
PM25_____________________ |
_________28.34 |
_______________________________________108.29 | ||
|
Chronic and acute mortality_________ |
________20.97 | |||
|
Acute morbidity___________________ |
__________3.90 |
105.75 | ||
|
Respiratory hospital admissions |
0.01 |
0.002 |
8.50 |
0.16 |
|
Congestive heart failure |
0.03 | |||
|
Cerebro-Vascular hospital admissions |
0.06 |
0.006 |
40.50 |
1.80 |
|
Restricted activity days |
3.16 |
22.18 |
0.50 |
88.70 |
|
Bronchodilator usage | ||||
|
- asthmatic children |
0.03 | |||
|
- asthmatic adults |
0.26 |
5.03 |
0.18 |
7.15 |
|
Cough | ||||
|
- asthmatic children |
0.05 | |||
|
- asthmatic adults |
0.26 |
5.17 |
0.18 |
7.36 |
|
Wheeze | ||||
|
- asthmatic children |
0.01 | |||
|
- asthmatic adults_________________ |
__________0.02 |
___________1.87 |
0.04 |
__________0.57 |
|
Chronic morbidity_________________ |
__________3.47 |
__________________________________________2.54 | ||
|
Chronic bronchitis | ||||
|
- adults |
3.17 |
0.02 |
15.43 |
2.54 |
|
- children |
0.12 | |||
|
Chronic cough in children___________ |
__________0.18 | |||
|
Оз___________________________ |
__________3.91 |
_________________________________________18.16 | ||
|
Acute mortality_____________________ |
__________0.86 | |||
|
Acute morbidity___________________ |
__________3.05 |
18.16 | ||
|
Respiratory hospital admissions |
0.01 |
0.01 |
8.50 |
0.32 |
|
Minor restricted activity days |
0.58 |
10.31 |
0.20 |
16.25 |
|
Change in asthma attacks |
0.01 |
0.20 |
1 |
1.59 |
|
Symptom days__________________ |
___________2.45 |
_________43.56 |
_____________0 |
__________0.00 |
Source: ExternE (1996, 1998, 2000) and own assumptions
A.2. Decomposition of the damage
For the calibration of the GEM-E3 model the total damage of the air pollutants needs to
be decomposed further into 5 components: (i) the time costs borne by the production
sectors, (ii) the time costs borne by the consumers, (iii) the non-separable health costs of
the consumers, (iv) the separable costs for the consumers and (v) the medical costs paid
by the government. This decomposition is presented in Table A.4.
Computation of the time cost
The last three columns of Table A.3 summarise the calculation of the impact of air
pollution on working days. This is done for the morbidity impacts only. It is assumed
that the working population accounts for 66% of the total population. We also assume
that on average a restricted activity day (RAD) leads to a loss of 0.5 working days per
case. For the other morbidity effects the number of lost working days is obtained as
follows:
working days lost per case for event n =
0.5 * (cost of illness of event n) / (cost of illness of RAD)