APPENDIX
A.1. Computation of the health related damage
To illustrate how the health related damages in Table 1 are derived, we look at the case
of ozone (O3). From the ExternE study we know that the dose-response functions for O3
are as follows:
Table A.1: Dose-response relationship for tropospheric ozone
|
Impact category |
Receptor |
Exposure- |
|
Acute mortality________________ |
Entire population________________ |
________0.059% |
|
Morbidity - Respiratory hospital - Minor restricted activity days - Asthma attacks - Symptom days_____________ |
Entire population Adults (80% of population) Asthmatics (3.5% of population) Entire population________________ |
3.54 10-6 9.76 10-3 4.29 10-3 ___________0.033 |
Source: ExternE (1996, 1998, 2000)
a The exposure response slope has units of cases∕(year-person-μg∕m3) except for mortality which
is expressed as percentage increase per μg∕m3.
The dose-response functions are converted into cases/(year-person-6h ppb) by
multiplying them by 2. The dose-response functions for morbidity are then all expressed
in cases/(year-1000persons-6h ppb) for the entire population taking into account the
receptor share in total population. The dose-response function for acute mortality is
expressed in the same units by using the assumption that the baseline mortality rate is
0.99%. The resulting exposure-response slopes are combined with the damage values
from ExternE in order to obtain the total health related marginal damage per person.
Table A.2: Derivation of the health related marginal damage - O3 concentrations
|
Impact category |
Exposure-response |
Damage |
Marginal damage |
|
Acute mortality_______ |
_______________0.01 |
73500 |
______________0.86 |
|
Morbidity - Respiratory hospital |
0.01 |
1600 |
3.05 0.01 |
|
- Minor restricted |
15.62 |
37.1 |
0.58 |
|
activity days - Asthma attacks |
0.30 |
33.5 |
0.01 |
|
- Symptom days______ |
____________66 |
_______________37.1 |
______________2.45 |
|
Total health related damage____________ |
3.91 | ||
|
Source: own calculations |
based on ExternE (1995-2000) | ||
More intriguing information
1. Heterogeneity of Investors and Asset Pricing in a Risk-Value World2. The name is absent
3. Flatliners: Ideology and Rational Learning in the Diffusion of the Flat Tax
4. The name is absent
5. The name is absent
6. PACKAGING: A KEY ELEMENT IN ADDED VALUE
7. AMINO ACIDS SEQUENCE ANALYSIS ON COLLAGEN
8. Second Order Filter Distribution Approximations for Financial Time Series with Extreme Outlier
9. IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING AID PROGRAMS TO U.S. AGRICULTURE
10. Explaining Growth in Dutch Agriculture: Prices, Public R&D, and Technological Change