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cultural references and manifestations that she experienced in multicultural London
schools. She identifies roles for teachers that include taking an interest in the out of school
activities of their students. The creation of an environment in which real sharing of
experiences can occur is both a necessity and a challenge. At a time when the concept of
multiculturalism is under attack in Britain, this article provides an entertaining and
convincing counter.

The final two articles address an issue that is at the heart of the development of citizenship
education. Dan Amias provides a well-illustrated account of how his practice in assessing
citizenship developed during his PGCE year. In particular he explores how assessment for
learning approach can be applied to a citizenship context. Mary Richardson asks the more
fundamental questions of why and how to assess citizenship.

Together, these articles provide evidence of the current state of citizenship education in
England, as well as a glimpse at developments in Lebanon. They raise questions about the
direction of policy and include many pointers to successful practice.

REFERENCES

Cleaver, E., Ireland, E., Kerr, D. & Lopes, J. (2005) Citizenship Education Longitudinal

Study: Second Cross-Sectional Survey 2004. Listening to Young People: Citizenship
Education in England (London, DfES).

Crick, B. & Lister, I. (1978) Political Literacy, in: B. Crick & A. Porter (Eds) Political
Education and Political Literacy (Harlow, Longman).

Crick, B. (2000) Essays on citizenship (London, Continuum).

Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) & Qualifications and Curriculum
Authority (QCA) (1999) Citizenship: the national curriculum for England key stages 3-4
(London, DfEE, QCA).

Etzioni, A. (1995) The Spirit of Community (London, Fontana).

Faulks, K. (2000) Citizenship (London, Routledge).

Ireland, E., Kerr, D., Lopes, J. & Nelson, J. with Cleaver, E. (2006) Active citizenship and
young people: opportunities, experiences and challenges in and beyond school.

Citizenship education longitudinal study: fourth annual report (London, DfES)

Gardner, J.P. (Ed.) (1997) Citizenship: the White Paper (London, British Institute of
International and Comparative Law).

Reflecting Education

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