26
Exchange Rate Arrangements: minimal flexibility (2), intermediate flexibility (1) and maximum flexibility (0).
|
AUS |
BEL |
DEN |
FIN |
FRA |
GEr |
ItA |
NEt |
SPA |
SWE |
UK |
TOTAL | |
|
1973 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
is" |
|
1974 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
14 |
|
1975 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
15" |
|
1976 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
15" |
|
1977 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
13 |
|
1978 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
14 |
|
1979 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15" |
|
1980 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15" |
|
1981 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1982 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1983 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1984 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1985 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1986 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1987 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1988 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1989 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
15 |
|
1990 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
16" |
|
1991 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
18 |
|
1992 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
18 |
|
1993 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
12 |
|
TOTAL |
22 |
42 |
42 |
21 |
36 |
42 |
28 |
42 |
12 |
25 |
4 |
Source: Index constructed with the help of IMF, Exchange Restrictions, Annual Report, 1973-1978 and IMF, Exchange Arrangements and
Exchange Restrictions, Annual Report, 1979-1993.
Eijffinger-Schaling index of central bank independence
|
Austria |
Belgium |
Denmark |
Finland |
France |
Germany |
Italy |
Netherlands |
Spain |
Sweden |
United Kingdom | |
|
ES |
"3 |
^3 |
4 |
^3 |
^2 |
"5 |
^2 |
4 |
U |
^2 |
^2 |
Source: Eijffinger and Schaling (1993) and Eijffinger and Van Keulen (1995).
De Haan-Van ’tHag index of significant government changes
|
Austria |
Belgium |
Denmark |
Finland |
France |
Germany |
Italy |
Netherlands |
Spain |
Sweden |
United Kingdom | |
|
SIGGOV |
^2 |
~4 |
U |
^3 |
4 |
U |
^6 |
^3 |
U |
^2 |
^0 |
Source: De Haan and Van ’tHag (1994).
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