Table 3: Short-Run Spatial Effects of Marginal Individual Tax Rates in Eastern Europe (Binary Contiguity Matrix)
|
AL |
BY |
BA |
BG |
HR |
CZ |
EE |
GE |
HU |
LV |
LT |
MK |
MD |
PL |
RO |
RU |
RS |
SK |
SI |
UA | |
|
Albania |
To |
τι |
T2 |
To |
To |
To |
To |
TI |
To |
To |
-.13* |
To |
To |
To |
To |
-.13* |
To |
To |
To- | |
|
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) | ||
|
Belarus |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.01* |
-.05* |
-.05* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.05* |
.00 |
-.05* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.05* | |
|
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(∙02) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) | ||
|
Bosnia |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.13* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.13* |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 | |
|
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) | ||
|
Bulgaria |
.01 |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.09* |
.01 |
.00 |
-.09* |
.00 |
-.08* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 | |
|
(■01) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.04) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.04) |
(■00) |
(.03) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) | ||
|
Croatia |
.01* |
.00 |
-.07* |
.01* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.06* |
.00 |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
-.06* |
.00 |
-.07* |
.00 | |
|
(.00) |
(■00) |
(.03) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(.03) |
(■00) | ||
|
Czech R. |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.13* |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
-.13* |
.00 |
.02 | |
|
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■01) | ||
|
Estonia |
.00 |
.02 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
-.13* |
.02 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.13* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 | |
|
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) | ||
|
Georgia |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.01 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.28* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 | |
|
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(0∙ll) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) | ||
|
Hungary |
.01* |
.00 |
.01 |
.01 |
-.05* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.01 |
-.05* |
.01* |
-.05* |
-.05* |
.00 |
-.05* | |
|
(.00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(.00) |
(∙02) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(∙02) | ||
|
Latvia |
.00 |
-.06* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.07* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.06* |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
-.05* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 | |
|
(■00) |
(.02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.03) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) | ||
|
Lithuania |
.00 |
-.06* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.02* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.06* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.07* |
.00 |
-.06* |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
.01 | |
|
(■00) |
(.02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.03) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(■01) | ||
|
Macedonia |
-.09* |
.00 |
.01* |
-.09* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
-.07* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 | |
|
(.04) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(.04) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) | ||
|
Moldova |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
-.13* |
.01 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.13* | |
|
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) | ||
|
Poland |
.00 |
-.04* |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
-.04* |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.01 |
-.04* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
-.05* |
-.04* |
.00 |
-.04* | |
|
(■00) |
(.02) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(.02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(∙02) |
(.01) |
(■00) |
(∙02) | ||
|
Romania |
.00 |
.00 |
.01* |
-.05* |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.05* |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
-.05* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.05* |
.01 |
.00 |
-.04* | |
|
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(.02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) | ||
|
Russia |
.00 |
-.04* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.04* |
-.05 |
.01* |
-.03* |
-.04* |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.01* |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
-.05* | |
|
(■00) |
(.01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.02) |
(■02) |
(.00) |
(.01) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) | ||
|
Serbia |
-.04* |
.00 |
-.04* |
-.03* |
-.03* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.03* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.03* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.04* |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
.00 | |
|
(.01) |
(■00) |
(.02) |
(.01) |
(.01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.01) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(■00) | ||
|
Slovakia |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.07* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.07* |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
.00 |
-.06* |
.01 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
-.06* | |
|
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.03) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.03) |
(■00) |
(.00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙02) | ||
|
Slovenia |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
-.13* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
-.13* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
.02 |
.01 |
.01 | |
|
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(.05) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■01) |
(■00) | ||
|
Ukraine |
.00 |
-.04* |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.01* |
.00 |
-.04* |
.00 |
.01 |
.00 |
-.04* |
-.03* |
-.03* |
-.04* |
.01 |
-.04* |
.00 | |
|
(■00) |
(∙01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙01) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(■00) |
(∙01) |
(∙01) |
(∙01) |
(■02) |
(■00) |
(■01) |
(■00) |
The off-diagonal elements of the table report the effect of a one-unit increase (1 percent) in the column country’s top marginal individual tax rate on
other Eastern European nations. The immediate spatial effects are calculated using the spatial multiplier matrix (ʃ — p∏j (Ffanzese and Hays 2006,
7-12). Standard errors are in parenthesis. Effects exceeding twice their standard errors are in bold and starred.