Table 1: Townsend’s Framework - Poverty and Deprivation
|
Poverty as lack of financial resources (relative to |
LEADING |
Deprivation as lack of necessities, both |
|
needs) measured by low income |
TO |
material and social/relational |
(Source: Bailey et al, 2003:8)
According to the model, Townsend firstly distinguishes deprivation indicators as material and social
deprivation as it is shown in the table below (1987 cited in Carter; 2003). Although he categorizes the
deprivation form as material and social, he states that some people or groups can experience multiple
deprivations as well. Namely, it is possible that some people or groups may have both material and social
deprivation at the same time (Langlois, Kitchen 2001).
Table 2: Townsend’s Indicators of Material and Social Deprivation
|
Types of Deprivation |
Examples of Indicators |
|
___________________________________________Material Deprivation___________________________________________ | |
|
Dietary_____________________________________________ |
At least one day in previous two weeks with insufficient to eat |
|
Clothing____________________________________________ |
Inadequate protection against the severe cold_________________ |
|
Housing_______________________________________ |
No electricity__________________________________________________ |
|
Home facilities_____________________________________ |
No telephone____________________________________________ |
|
Environment___________________________________ |
Industrial air pollution_________________________________________ |
|
Location_________________________________________ |
No open space within easy walking distance_________________ |
|
Work___________________________________ |
Poor working environment (polluted air, dust, noise)__________ |
|
____________________________________________Social Deprivation____________________________________________ | |
|
Employment_________________________________ |
Unemployed for 2 or more weeks in previous 12 moths_______ |
|
Family activity________________________________________ |
Problem of health or someone in family_____________________ |
|
Integration____________________________________________ |
Racial harassment________________________________________ |
|
Participation in social institution________________________ |
Did not vote_____________________________________________ |
|
Recreational________________________________________ |
No holiday away from home during last 12 months___________ |
|
Education________________________________________ |
Fewer than 10 years education_____________________________ |
Source: Townsend, 1987; cited in Carter 2003:32)
Determination of the Variables
As the method of this study based on the Townsend’s index of deprivation, the aim is to describe the
deprivation structure of the Tuzcu district instead of ranking of all districts of the city. Therefore in order to
obtain this type of information, the field survey, which provides the firsthand data, is inevitable. Before the
field survey, it was important to determine the variables, which was necessary for the investigation of the
problem, namely deprivation level of the district. Therefore, at the following pages, the variables, which
provide the indicators for the problem, are explained, and then the techniques of the data collection are
clarified.
As mentioned before, the approach of Townsend provides the tool for understanding the material and
social deprivation levels of the neighborhood by separating it into two scopes. This paper examines the
deprivation level of the Tuzcu district using this material and social deprivation pattern as a guide. In
addition to the material and social deprivation indicators, general characteristics of the population should be
investigated in order to grasp the features of the population in the neighborhood. Therefore, field survey
includes the variables concerning the population characteristics such as place of birth and hometown, age
and gender, household size and structure, reasons of the settling in izmir and Tuzcu District.
Material deprivation includes the material apparatus, goods, services, resources, amenities, physical
environment and locational characteristics of living place. Within the framework of Townsend’s (1987)
deprivation index, the domains of material deprivation are constituted for the research. In line with
Townsend’s index - including the material deprivation domains as dietary, clothing housing, home facilities,
environmental and locational facilities, and work - the material deprivation variables are determined as
shown in table 3. As being different from the Townsend’s deprivation index, work domain is examined
together with employment domain in order to understand this issue more comprehensively.