Discourse Patterns in First Language Use at Hcme and Second Language Learning at School: an Ethnographic Approach

I 193

Annex 2.2

Prerequisites for L2 Learning and situation in Selected Countries

(from Phillipson, Skutnabb-Kangas and Africa, 1986:86-87)

	Segregation LDS		Maintenant HDS	Programmes `e	Submersion LDS	Immersion HDS
Dominant medium		Ll				L2
∏f eriιιcatinn —.
κ∕ι Uuuvniivii				Finns		W. Europe
	Bantu	Turks	Uzbekistan	Chicanas	Zambia	minorities	Canada
Organizational factors
I. Alternative programmes
available	—	—	+	+	—	—	+
2. Pupilsequallyplaced vis-a-vis knowledge of ME 3. Bilingual (B), Trained (T)	+	+	+	+	-	-	+
teachers	B	BorT	BT	BT	B	T	BT
4. Bilingual materials (e,g. dictionaries) available S. Culturalcontentof	—	+	+	+	-	-	+
materials appropriate for pupils	—	—	+	+	—	—	+
Learner-related affective factors 6. Low level of anxiety
(supportive, non- authoritarian)	—	—	+	+	—	—	+
7. High internal motivation
(not forced to use L2, understands and sympa- thetic with objectives, responsible for own learning)	—	—	+	+	-	—	+
8. High self-confidence (fair
chance to succeed, high teacher expectations)	—	^-	+	+			+
Li-related linguistic, cognitive,
pedagogical and social factors 9. Adequatelinguistic
development in Ll (LI taught well, badly or not at all in school)	B	B	W	W	-	—	W
10. Enough relevant, cogni-					-7
tively demanding subject matter provided	-7	+7	+	+	-7	—9	+
tively demanding subject matter provided	-7	+7	+	+		—9	+
11. OpportunitytodevelopLI
outside school in linguisti- cally demanding formal	+?	—	+	—	+	—	+
contexts
12. L2-teaching supports (+)
or harms (—) Ll develop- ment	+	+	+	+	—7		+
L2-related linguistic, cognitive, pedagogical and social factors 13. Adequate linguistic
development in L2 (L2 taught well, badly or not at all in school)	B '	B	W	W	B	B	W
14. L2 input adapted to pupils’					-7
L2 level	+	+	+	+	-7	—	+
15. Opportunity to practise L2 in peer group ∞ntexts 16. Exposuretonative	—	—	+	+?	—	—	-
speaker L2 use in linguisti- cally demanding formal	—	+	+	+		+	+
contexts__________________

Nate: I DS = Inw Deeree of Success. HDS = Hieh Decree of Success.

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