Discourse Patterns in First Language Use at Hcme and Second Language Learning at School: an Ethnographic Approach

Axioms About

Positivist Paradigm

Naturalist Paradigm

The nature of reality

Reahty is single, tangible,
•nd fragmentable.

Realities are multiple,
constructed, and holistic.

The relationship of
knower to the known

Knower and known are
independent, a dualism.

Knower and known are
interactive, inseparable.

The possibility of
generalization

Tune- and context-free
generalizations (nomo-
thetic statements) are
possible.

Only time- and context-
bound workmg hypotheses
Odiographic statements)
are possible.

The possibility of
causal linkages

There are real causes,
temporally precedent to
or simultaneous with
their effects.

AU entities are in a state of
mutual simultaneous shap-
ing, so that it is impossible
to distinguish causes from
effects.

The role of values

Inquiry is value-free.

Inquiry is value-bound.