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THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW
more restrictive capital markets, steady state output is significantly lower,
and the growth rate during convergence is much lower.
Figure 5: Capital-Market Openness and Growth
Quantitative Application
We now apply the model to the Irish growth experience. As is well known,
Ireland experienced a major increase in its growth rate during the 1990s.
Figure 6 displays GDP growth between 1970 and 2004. The average annual
growth rate of GDP from 1981-1990 was 3.8 per cent. In the 1991-2000 decade
this almost doubled to 7 per cent. Especially after 1995, growth rates rose
dramatically. From 2001-2004, GDP growth had returned close to the average
rates of the late 1980s.
Figure 6: GDP Growth, 1970-2004
The full accounting for the sources of Ireland’s growth success is beyond
the scope of this paper. However, the large increase in growth rates during the
1990s suggests that important structural changes took place in the late 1980s
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