SLA RESEARCH ON SELF-DIRECTION: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES



4.2.3 Cognition in other-directed learning                         81

4.2.4 Cognition in self-directed learning                           84

4.2.4.1 Orientation                                                84

4.2.4.2 Alertness                                                  85

4.2.4.3 Awareness                                            85

4.2.5 Decision-making and awareness                          92

4.2.6 Motivation                                                93

4.2.7 Attitudes and believes in self-direction                       95

4.2.8 Summary                                           101

4.3 Autonomy 3                                        101

4.3.1 Introduction                                                 101

4.3.2 Autonomy and authenticity                               103

4.3.3 The universal dimension of autonomy                     104

4.3.4 The individual dimension of autonomy                    108

4.3.5 The cultural dimension of autonomy                       110

4.4 Reformulation                                         115

5. REVISITING THE SAC                          121

5.1 What I did in Mexico: the Oaxaca/97 Project             125

5.1.1 The participants                                             125

5.1.2 The setting                                                127

5.2 Why I did what I did: The methodology                 127

5.2.1 Ethnographic research                                     128

5.2.1.1 VanLier                                              130

5.2.1.2 Holliday                                                 132

5.2.1.3 Freeman                                              135

5.2.2 Insider tools                                                 137

5.2.3 Verbal reports                                             141

5.3 Conclusion                                             143

6. BELIEFS ABOUT A LEARNING CULTURE:
FROM A LEARNERS’ POINT OF VIEW             145

6.1 Beliefs related to person                                    146

6.1.1 Beliefs about self                                            147

6.1.1.1 Written biographies and oral accounts                     147

6.1.1.2 The “profile” task                                        150

6.1.1.3 The “self’task                                             153

6.1.2 Beliefs about the teacher’s role                               157

6.1.3 Beliefs about the learner’s role                               160

6.2 Beliefs related to task                                      163

6.2.1 Beliefs about learning                                        164

6.2.2 Beliefs about learning a language                           165

6.2.3 Beliefs about learning a language in a classroom            171

6.2.4 Beliefs about learning a language in a self-directed way      173

6.2.5 Beliefs about learning a language in a self-directed way in
the Mexican culture                                      177



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