A final note concerns the application of the integration measure to other domains. In
principle, the integration measure can be applied to any data that can be summarised in
frequency matrices of interaction. Within the context of European integration, valuable
information can be generated through labour market analyses using intra-national and
European migration data and through commodity market using intra-national and European
trade data. One can also think of studies that analyse the frequencies of intra-national and
European collaborations, mergers and acquisitions among firms. Analyses of these kinds
would provide us with important empirical and policy-relevant information on the level,
structure, and dynamics of integration in the European Union. After all, lacking any real
precedent, the process of European integration is still both theoretically and empirically
poorly understood.
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