Migration and employment status during the turbulent nineties in Sweden

The making of a local labour market is done in three steps. The first two steps are to define
criteria of self-sufficiency. In this procedure two criteria must be fulfilled - one general and
one specific. The general condition is defined as 80 percent self-sufficiency:

284

? Cj

^j ?1,^j ?ⁱ ? 0 2

E ■ ■

where Cij is the number of commuters from municipality i to municipality j. Ej is the number
of employed persons living in municipality i.

Out-commuting to any other municipality has to be less than 7.5 percent and the special
condition is then defined as:

(C_i )max

-^~^----? 0.075

E

where (Cij)max is the most intensive flow of commuters from i to any other municipality ( j).
Ei is even here the number of employed persons living in municipality i.

The third step is to integrate the dependent municipalities to the ones characterised as self-
sufficient and then in an LLM. This is done by chosen the self-sufficient municipality that
receives most of its out-commuters form dependent municipalities. Sometimes, however, the
municipality that receives most commuters is not defined as self-sufficient - instead this is
also defined as dependent and dependency chains will then occur. To get rid of this problem,
the municipalities that are united with a self-sufficient municipality in a chain consisting of
more than three links the chain will be broken at its weakest part - the smallest share of out-
commuters - and two different LLMs will then occur (for a more systematically discussion of
this process, see Carlsson et.al., 1993).

GROSS IN- AND OUT-MIGRATION FOR 109 LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS

Out-migration from most of Sweden’s municipalities results, together with a low birth rate, in
a reduction of the local population and is perceived as one of today’s major regional policy
problems (Johansson, 2000a, 2000b, 2001). A small number of municipalities are “winners”
in this redistribution process, at least in the sense that they have positive net migration. It is

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