358 EARLY MUNICIPAL HISTORY IN ENGLAND
borough which was official under Henry III, but there were
conspicuous exceptions, the most glaring being that of Devon-
shire, where the sheriff returned twenty boroughs, most of
which were seignorial. In the long run, the canon of parlia-
mentary boroughs was settled from below by the inability or
unwillingness of the weaker towns to bear the burden of sending
representatives, and not by any neat scheme imposed from
above.
In what has been said, I have attempted, very imperfectly,
I fear, to indicate in the first place the main results of the
remarkable outburst of investigation of our early municipal
history which began with Gross’s work on the gild merchant
and was unhappily so soon cut short, and secondly to sketch
some of the conclusions to which I have been led in the course
of the pious task of completing and editing Ballard’s collec-
tions for a volume of thirteenth-century charters. The
whole of the charters of the formative period will soon be
accessible to students. The silence of charters, however, on
many important aspects of urban development is profound.
Much spade-work remains to be done in the unpublished records
of some of our oldest towns before the ground is clear for the
future historian of municipal growth in England. To trace
that growth from the advent of the town-hating Angles and
Saxons down to these latter days, when five-sixths of the
population of Great Britain are massed upon pavements, is
a task worthy of the best powers of an historian of institutions.
INDEX
Liber burgus is applied only to boroughs dealt with in Chapter VIII
A
Agardsley. See Newborough.
Agriculture. See Fields and Pas-
tures.
Aids, of the boroughs, 166 and n. 3,
343. See Tallage.
feudal, 105 n. 6.
Ailwin, mercer, of Gloucester, 174,
177.
Aiderman (ɪ) of gild merchant, 227-8,
231-4, 248-50 ; council of, 274 ;
and mayor, 299.
(2) of borough wards, 248, 266 И.3,
292.
(3) doomsmen, 288.
(4) councillors, 243-4, 251-2, 258-9,
266-70, 276-7, 280, 292, 304 n. 2,
318, 329-30, 335. See London.
Alfred, king, system of defence, 15-
18 ; tolls from Worcester burh,
20 ; trade in his reign, 19 ;
restoration of London, 23. See
Mints.
Alodia, alodiariιιs, 104.
Altrincham [co. Chester], granted in
libero burgagio, 216.
Amercement, low, 206.
Ancient demesne and the borough,
263. 343-4. 354-5∙
Andover [Hants], 25, 52 ; gild
merchant, 233 ; fOrewardmanni,
250 and n.
Arable, borough, leases of, 115-16.
See Fields and Pastures.
Arundel [Sussex], 18 n. 7, 57, 83.
Assembly, borough, 304-10, 316-17,
318-25. 328.
Asser, bp., on Alfred’s fortifications,
15, 17, 18.
Assistants, 327 n. 4, 328.
Assize of Arms, 221, 253.
Assize of bread and ale, 147 n. 4,
207-8.
Athelney [Som.], Alfred’s fortifica-
tions at, 15.
Athelstan, king, 2 n. 3, 25, 27-9, 35.
Auditors, borough, 324-5, 334-5.
Avera, avra, carrying duty, 97 ; cf,
148.
Axbridge [Somerset], 19, 53, 65.
B
Bailiffs, 192-3, 234, 239-40, 270-1,
291 n. 4, 297, 330, 333-5, 349.
See Reeves and Provostry.
Baker’s custom, 94, 109 n. 4.
Bakewell [co. Derby], 24, 354.
Baldock [Herts], borough, 105 n. 6.
Ballard, A., develops ,' garrison
theory,” 4, 26 ; on borough and
hundred courts, 32-3, 47, 60 ;
on criteria of the borough, 64 ;
on firma burgi and election of
reeves, 185 ; on liber burgus,
195-6, 198, 208, 2r3, 217 ;
criticism of Miss Bateson’s
” laws of Breteuil," 351-2 ; on
the Scottish borough, 353-4.
Barnstaple, 18 ». 7 ; Athelstan’s
alleged charter, 2 ; burhwitan of,
42, 82, 124 ; mediatized, 57, 68,
128 ; seal, 236, 239 ; mayor, 291
n. 4 ; " common council," 327-8.
Barons, civic : (r) of London, 256-9 ;
of Cinque Ports, 259-62 ; of
Bourges [France, Cher], 256 n.
3 ; of Orleans [France, Loiret],
256 n. 3.
Basingstoke [Hants], 52, 218, 355.
Bateson, Mary, 26 n. ɪ ; on borough
and hundred courts, 32, 35, 38,
60 ; on influence of French
bourgage tenure, 106-7, 339 ; on
commune of London, 266-70,
305> 347 I on laws of Breteuil,
351-2.
Bath [Somerset], 33, 51-2, 53, 55, 65,
91 ; hundred, 45 ». ɪ ; see
Edith, Queen ; farm, 150 n. 5 ;
third penny, 151 ; mediatized,
154∙
359