The Environmental Kuznets Curve Under a New framework: Role of Social Capital in Water Pollution

Pollutant

Specification

Social

Capital

Social

Capital

Square

Social
Capital
Cube

Population

Density

Lambda

R²

Nitrogen

Quadratic

-1.784487

(0.424447)

22.30413**

(0.000009)

0.000648

(0.367039)

0.006999

(0.899034)

0.0879

Cubic

9.782264^**

(0.007504)

_ _ _ ___**

-68.33292^**

(0.003063)

161.9547^**

(0.000054)

0.000917

(0.196888)

0.033959

(0.535551)

0.0970

Phosphorus

Quadratic

-1.809160^*

(0.033715)

4.530204^*
(0.015245)

0.000073

(0.780746)

0.137995^*

(0.009302)

-0.012

Cubic

-1.027316

(0.460015)

-1.441358

(0.866937)

10.597998
(0.477878)

0.000094

(0.723270)

0.134986^*

(0.011048)

-0.032

Dissolved

Oxygen

Quadratic

2.599933
(0.774325)

6.670249
(0.726015)

-0.002201

(0.394792)

0.400965^**

(0.000000)

0.1157

Cubic

17.996077

(0.215611)

-105.910369

(0.214574)

199.273404
(0.175831)

-0.001588

(0.543857)

_ __ _ _ ⅛ ⅛

0.407994^**

(0.000000)

0.1020