The Environmental Kuznets Curve Under a New framework: Role of Social Capital in Water Pollution



Table 3. Estimated parameters values and turning points associated with three
pollutants obtained from the two way fixed effect model.

Specification

Social

Capital

S.Capital
Square

S.Capital
Cube

Population
Density

F-
Value

R2

Nitrogen

Quadratic

-2.765

3.895

N/A

0.001

14.95

0.699

(-2.62)

(5.28)

(1.40)

Cubic

1.282

-5.694

5.813

0.001

12.97**

0.704

(0.74)

(1.70)

(2.94)

(1.50)

Phosphorus

Quadratic

-0.587

0.500

N/A

0.0001

23.38**

0.757

(-1.51)

(1.85)

(.36)

Cubic

-0.069

-0.728

0.745

0.0001

23.29**

0.757

(0.11)

(0.59)

(1.02)

(0.39)

Dissolved

Quadratic

8.43

-3.79

N/A

-0.004

24.57**

0.788

(2.05)

(1.32)

(1.44)

Oxygen

Cubic

14.263

-17.607

8.373

-0.004

24.60**

0.788

(2.10)

(1.34)

(1.08)

(1.40)

1 Values inside the parentheses indicate t-value. * represents value is significant at
5%.

24



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