The Environmental Kuznets Curve Under a New framework: Role of Social Capital in Water Pollution



Table 5. Estimated parameters values and turning points associated with three
pollutants obtained from the two way random effect model.

Specification

Social

Capital

Social
Capital
Square

Social
Capital
Cube

Population
Density

F-
Value

R2

Nitrogen

Quadratic

----Σ--W---

-1.500

(-3.88)

2.590**
(6.17)

-0.0003*
(-2.65)

—τ—__VV—

9.88

0.09

Cubic

2.020*
(2.65)

___VV

-7.470

(-3.78)

6.790**

(5.16)

-0.0002*

(2.65)

4.90

0.14

Phosphorus

Quadratic

-0.226

(-1.39)

0.240

(1.43)

-0.00003
(-0.61)

1.78

0.01

Cubic

0.188

(0.56)

-0.920

(-1.09)

0.765

(1.40)

-0.00002

(-0.42)

0.83

0.01

Dissolved

Oxygen

Quadratic

-1.740

(-0.32)

3.000

(0.09)

0.0003
(0.50)

9.52*

0.01

Cubic

-2.751

(-0.75)

5.868
(0.64)

-1.901

(-0.32)

0.0003
(0.62)

10.55*

0.01

1 Values inside the parentheses indicate t-stat for the parameters and. * represents
value is significant at 5%, ** indicates value significant at 1%.

26



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