The name is absent



SIZE OF HIPPOCAMPAL PYRAMIDAL NEURONS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Table 1 Preparation and donor characteristics of the brain samples used in this study


Control

Schizophrenia

Female

Male

Female

Male

(n¼7)

(n¼9)

(n¼5)

(n¼8)

Age (years):1 mean (s.d.)

62.71 (9.88)

58.78 (12.0 1)

61.20 (13.95)

62.75 (10.00)

Death to post-mortem interval (h):2

52.5 (29.7)

37.0 (28.3)

59.0 (43.7)

58.9 (37.9)

mean (s.d.)

Duration in formalin (years):3 mean (s.d.)

Hospital of origin4 (n)

1.86 (1.46)

2.56 (1.24)

4.40 (2.07)

3.75 (1.49)

Belfast

0

0

2

2

Oxford

5

7

1

2

Runwell

2

2

2

4

Neuroleptic drug prescription5

N/A

N/A

Little

2

0

Average

1

2

Much

2

6

Duration of illness (years):6 mean (s.d.)

N/A

N/A

31.20 (8.87)

30.75 (14.44)

ANOVA, analysis of variance; N/A, not applicable.

1. No intergroup differences (by ANOVA, all F(1,25)40.40, P50.531).

2. No intergroup differences (by ANOVA, all F(1,25)41.12, P50.300).

3. Patients longer than controls (by ANOVA, F(1,25)¼10.44, P¼0.003); no gender difference or gender6diagnosis in-
tera
ction (both F(1,25)41.36, P50.255).

4. No intergroup differences (w2¼10.28, d.f.¼6, P¼0.114).

5. No gender difference in patients (w2¼3.85, d.f.¼2, P¼0.146).

6. No gender difference in patients (by ANOVA, F(1,11)50.005, P¼0.952).


the entirety of the subfield (Fig. 1). The
search p
attern was 0.560.5 mm2 for the
hil
us and CA2/3 subfields, 161 mm2 for
the CA1 subfield, and 0.7560.75 mm2 for
the subiculum. Each subfield appeared on
an average of 6.7 slides per case (range
3-
15; in a few cases the hippocampus was
cut obliquely, which meant it appeared in
few sections, although this did not alter
the intensity of the sampling). Neuron
density (Nv) was counted in a mean 57
dissectors and volume density (Vv) was as-
se
ssed with a mean 88 frames per case; a
m
ean of 89 neurons were counted for Nv,
and a mean of 135 points were counted
for Vv estimation per case. At each such
point a plane within the section was
b
rought into focus, and an array of 36
r
andom test points thrown over the
m
icroscope image. The number of test
p
oints that fell over pyramidal cell bodies
w
as counted, and the mean number of
p
oint counts (P) per image calculated.
Pyramidal cells were identified on the
b
asis of their position, orientation shape,
presence of an apical dendrite and promi-
n
ent, single nucleolus. The volume density
w
as calculated for each subfield by
Vv ¼ P=36.

Fig. 1 Hippocampal region CA2/3 with superimposed raster sampling pattern.


In a previous study, the neuron density
(numb
er of cells per unit volume, Nv ) with-
in
each hippocampal subfield had been esti-
m
ated (Walker et al, 2002; further details
a
vailable from the author upon request).
Using these data, the mean pyramidal cell
b
ody volume (VN) was calculated using
the f
ormula VN ¼ Vv =Nv .

Statistical methods

The cell volume for each subfield was as-
s
essed by repeated-measures analysis of
cova
riance (ANCOVA), with diagnosis
and g
ender as between-subject factors and
s
ide as a within-subject factor, using SAS
ve
rsion 6.12 for Macintosh. As there was
a signific
ant difference between the brains
from
the control and schizophrenia groups
in
the duration spent in formalin prior to
h
istological preparation, this variable was
enter
ed as a covariate in the ANCOVA
m
odel. The main effect of diagnosis, gen-
d
er, and interactions of these with side,
ge
nder, and gender and side together were
tested for. Given the number of effects
te
sted for each measure, a was set at 0.01.
Thus, for an effect to be significant, it had
to
generate a value for P of 0.01 or below.

RESULTS

Quality of measures

The observed coefficient of error (OCE)
for th
e individual estimates of subfield
volu
me, cell density and cell number were
calculated for 10 cases in the manner de-
s
cribed by Gundersen Jensen (1987)
and
West & Gundersen (1990). This coef-
fic
ient is a measure of the variability of
m
easures of a specific structure across dif-
fe
rent slices; possible values are 0 to 1. It is
in
creased by irregularly shaped structures
and by inac
curate and unreliable measure-
m
ent. For the measures of VN, the mean
O
CE values were all 40.121. For the mea-
s
ures of Vv, mean OCE values were all
4
0.061. For Nv, the mean values of
O
CE were all 40.1001. The values of

415




More intriguing information

1. Monetary Policy News and Exchange Rate Responses: Do Only Surprises Matter?
2. A Unified Model For Developmental Robotics
3. NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
4. ¿Por qué se privatizan servicios en los municipios (pequeños)? Evidencia empírica sobre residuos sólidos y agua.
5. Individual tradable permit market and traffic congestion: An experimental study
6. The urban sprawl dynamics: does a neural network understand the spatial logic better than a cellular automata?
7. The name is absent
8. Tax Increment Financing for Optimal Open Space Preservation: an Economic Inquiry
9. ENERGY-RELATED INPUT DEMAND BY CROP PRODUCERS
10. The name is absent