Table 3. Determinants of ethnic tolerance and participation (coefficients significant at a 5% level are given in bold)
|
_________________________________________________________Ethnic tolerance_________________________________________________________ | ||||||||||||||||||
|
_______________England_______________ |
_____________Germany_____________ |
______________Sweden______________ | ||||||||||||||||
|
I |
I |
___________II |
I________ |
I |
I |
__________II |
I________ |
I |
I |
_________II |
I________ | |||||||
|
b |
SE |
b |
_ SE |
b |
SE |
b |
SE |
b |
SE |
b |
SE |
b |
SE |
b |
_ SE |
b |
SE | |
|
Heterogeneity* |
.79 |
.45 |
-.75 |
.47 |
-.73 |
.47 |
3.31 |
.39 |
1.92 |
.39 |
1.68 |
.41 |
2.04 |
.46 |
.90 |
.44 |
.96 |
.48 |
|
Class status________ |
-.17 |
.15 |
-.31 |
.16 |
-.26 |
.16 |
.31 |
.10 |
.10 |
.10 |
.09 |
.12 |
.09 |
.15 |
-.06 |
.16 |
-.09 |
.17 |
|
Class climate______ |
-.21 |
.11 |
-.29 |
.11 |
-.22 |
.11 |
.40 |
.09 |
.30 |
.09 |
.31 |
.09 |
.45 |
.08 |
.34 |
.08 |
.34 |
.09 |
|
Gender (girl = 0) |
-.60 |
.09 |
-.67 |
.09 |
-.49 |
.07 |
-.50 |
.07 |
-1.04 |
.08 |
-1.11 |
.09 | ||||||
|
Identity (maj = 0) |
1.53 |
.14 |
- |
- |
2.06 |
.14 |
1.60 |
.15 | ||||||||||
|
Social background |
.08 |
.03 |
.10 |
.04 |
-.02 |
.03 |
-.02 |
.03 |
.02 |
.04 |
.04 |
.04 | ||||||
|
Civic competence |
.01 |
.003 |
.01 |
.003 |
.02 |
.002 |
.02 |
.002 |
.02 |
.002 |
.02 |
.002 | ||||||
|
Expl var L1 (%) |
0 |
6.3 |
0 |
7.7 |
0 |
10.5 | ||||||||||||
|
Expl var L2 (%) |
9.8 |
2.4 |
43.7 |
43.7 |
45.3 |
61.7 | ||||||||||||
|
N__________ |
2752 |
2688 |
2348 |
3649 |
3564 |
3361 |
2984 |
2624 |
2353 | |||||||||
|
______________________________________________________________Participation______________________________________________________________ | ||||||||||||||||||
|
Heterogeneity* |
.31 |
.29 |
.04 |
.31 |
.47 |
.25 |
.39 |
.27 |
.66 |
.26 |
.79 |
.30 | ||||||
|
Class status________ |
.15 |
.10 |
.06 |
.11 |
.08 |
.06 |
-.04 |
.08 |
.07 |
.10 |
.09 |
.11 | ||||||
|
Class climate______ |
.09 |
.07 |
.09 |
.07 |
.09 |
.05 |
.08 |
.05 |
.06 |
.05 |
.04 |
.06 | ||||||
|
Gender (girl = 0) |
-.03 |
.08 |
.09 |
.07 |
-.05 |
.08 | ||||||||||||
|
Identity (maj = 0) |
.29 |
.13 |
.19 |
.14 |
.20 |
.15 | ||||||||||||
|
Social background |
.09 |
.03 |
.12 |
.03 |
.05 |
.04 | ||||||||||||
|
Civic competence |
.001 |
.002 |
.000 |
.002 |
.005 |
.002 | ||||||||||||
|
Expl var L1 (%) |
0 |
1.4 |
0 |
1.4 |
0 |
2.2 | ||||||||||||
|
Expl var L2 (%) |
16.5 |
12.7 |
15.2 |
1.5 |
18.7 |
40.2 | ||||||||||||
|
N__________ |
2651 |
2591 |
3506 |
3425 |
2778 |
2457 | ||||||||||||
* I conducted separate analyses for ethnic proportion and immigrants’ share using the same control variables. The effects of ethnic proportion on tolerance are
(shown only for Model III): England -.88 (.53); Germany 2.44 (.60); Sweden 1.64 (.59). The effects of immigrants’ share on ethnic tolerance are (Model III):
England .86 (1.35); Germany 1.23 (.44); Sweden 3.24 (.69). The effects of ethnic proportion on participation are (Model II): England .14 (.32); Germany .69
(.39); Sweden 1.16 (.35). The effects of immigrants’ share on participation are (Model II): England .55 (.39); Germany .70 (.27); Sweden .55 (.39).
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