List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Scheme of oil sands processing using water-based extraction....................2
Figure 1.2 General scheme of froth treatment process.................................................3
Figure 2.1 Different drop size distributions....................................................................8
Figure 2.2 Morphologies of different type of emulsions.................................................9
Figure 2.3 Scheme of destabilizing mechanisms in emulsions...................................15
Figure 2.4 Energy of interaction between two spherical droplets................................18
Figure 2.5 Proposed structure of asphaltenes in Athabasca bitumen..........................23
Figure 2.6 Schematic of asphaltenes aggregation......................................................24
Figure 2.7 Schematic of water-in-crude oil or bitumen emulsion.................................25
Figure 2.8 Force balance at three phase contact line.................................................30
Figure 2.9 Wettability of solids and the types of emulsions.........................................31
Figure 2.10 Rag layer in diluted bitumen emulsion sample...........................................33
Figure 3.1 Sequence of CPMG measurement............................................................39
Figure 3.2 Basic sequence of PGSE measurement....................................................43
Figure 3.3 Sequence of stimulated spin-echo PGSE measurement............................45
Figure 3.4 Predicted attenuation of water droplets with different drop diameters........47
Figure 3.5 Schematic diffusion results of emulsion.....................................................51
Figure 3.6 Sequence of MRI 1-D profile measurement...............................................54
Figure 3.7 Scheme of 1-D profile measurement for layered mixture of water and diluted
bitumen......................................................................................................56
Figure 3.8 Sketch of the mixer and emulsion preparation...........................................59
Figure 3.9 24 h emulsions with 200 ppm demulsifiers at 30 0C, N/В ratio 2.4.............61
Figure 3.10 T2 distribution of layered water/ oil mixture and water in oil emulsion.........62
Figure 3.11 Restricted diffusion result and drop size distribution of emulsion................63
Figure 3.12 T2 and drop size distribution of water in diluted bitumen emulsion adding
200 ppm demulsifier PR5 as the function of time........................................63
Figure 3.13 T2 distribution of layered water/ oil mixture and water in oil emulsion.........64
Figure 3.14 T2 distribution of emulsion samples 1-4.....................................................65
Figure 3.15 Fitting results of diffusion measurement for the emulsions (sample 1).......67
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