Table of Contents
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................i
Acknowledgements..............................................................................................ill
List of Tables.........................................................................................................x
List of Figures.......................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1. Introduction..........................................................................................1
1.1. Background and motivations.......................................................................1
1.2. Project objectives........................................................................................4
1.3. Reference...................................................................................................5
Chapter 2. Emulsion and emulsion stability..........................................................6
2.1. Basic definitions..........................................................................................6
2.2. Properties Ofemulsions...............................................................................7
2.2.1. Drop size distribution......................................................................................7
2.2.2. Emulsion morphology.....................................................................................8
2.2.3. Shear viscosity..............................................................................................10
2.3. Emulsion stability......................................................................................11
2.3.1. Interaction forces..........................................................................................11
2.3.2. Emulsion evolution........................................................................................14
2.3.3. Sedimentation and creaming........................................................................16
2.3.4. Aggregation........................ 17
2.3.5. Coalescence.................................................................................................20
2.4. Emulsion of water in diluted bitumen........................................................22
2.5. Effects of asphaltenes and demulsifier selection.......................................26
2.6. Effects of clay solid wettability and rag layer formation.............................30
2.7. Reference.................................................................................................33
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