The name is absent

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................i

Acknowledgements..............................................................................................ill

List of Tables.........................................................................................................x

List of Figures.......................................................................................................xi

Chapter 1. Introduction..........................................................................................1

1.1. Background and motivations.......................................................................1

1.2. Project objectives........................................................................................4

1.3. Reference...................................................................................................5

Chapter 2. Emulsion and emulsion stability..........................................................6

2.1. Basic definitions..........................................................................................6

2.2. Properties Ofemulsions...............................................................................7

2.2.1. Drop size distribution......................................................................................7

2.2.2. Emulsion morphology.....................................................................................8

2.2.3. Shear viscosity..............................................................................................10

2.3. Emulsion stability......................................................................................11

2.3.1. Interaction forces..........................................................................................11

2.3.2. Emulsion evolution........................................................................................14

2.3.3. Sedimentation and creaming........................................................................16

2.3.4. Aggregation........................ 17

2.3.5. Coalescence.................................................................................................20

2.4. Emulsion of water in diluted bitumen........................................................22

2.5. Effects of asphaltenes and demulsifier selection.......................................26

2.6. Effects of clay solid wettability and rag layer formation.............................30

2.7. Reference.................................................................................................33