Chapter 3. Characterization of emulsions by NMR.............................................37
3.1. Introduction...............................................................................................37
3.2. T2 distribution from CPMG measurement.................................................38
3.2.1. Introduction...................................................................................................38
3.2.2. Characterization Ofemulsions with CPMG measurement.............................40
3.3. Drop size distribution from NMR restricted diffusion measurement...........43
3.3.1. Introduction...................................................................................................43
3.3.2. Drop size determination from PGSE measurement.......................................46
3.3.3. Drop size determination Ofdiluted bitumen emulsion....................................49
3.4. T1 weighted one-dimensional (1-D) MRI profile measurement..................53
3.4.1. Introduction...................................................................................................53
3.4.2. T1 weighted 1-D MRI profile measurement...................................................54
3.5. Materials and Methods..............................................................................57
3.5.1. Materials.......................................................................................................57
3.5.2. Emulsion Preparation....................................................................................58
3.5.3. Bottle test and demulsifier selection..............................................................60
3.5.4. NMR measurement of emulsion....................................................................60
3.6. Resultsand Discussions...........................................................................60
3.6.1. Demulsifier selection from bottle test............................................................60
3.6.2. Emulsion characterized by CPMG T2 distribution measurement...................61
3.6.3. Drop size distribution from PGSE restricted diffusion measurement.............67
3.6.4. Phase fraction profile from 1-D T1 weighted MRI profile measurement.........69
3.6.5. Sedimentation rate from 1- D T1 MRI weighted profile measurement............80
3.7. Reference.................................................................................................84
Chapter 4. Clay wettability and zeta potential characterization...........................86
4.1. Rag layer and clay wettability....................................................................86
4.2. Wettability test of kaolinite.........................................................................90
4.2.1. Materials and methods..................................................................................90
4.2.2. Effectofnaphthenate....................................................................................91
4.2.3. Effect of naphthenate concentration, NaOH and Na2SiO3.............................94
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