The name is absent

4.2.4. Effect of surfactant containing cationic groups..............................................97

4.2.4.1. Effect of C₈TAB.......................................................................................98

4.2.4.2. Effectofbetaine....................................................................................101

4.2.4.3. Effect of amine oxide............................................................................105

4.3. Wettability of kaolinite characterized by zeta potential............................109

4.3.1. Introduction.................................................................................................109

4.3.2. Zeta potential model...................................................................................109

4.3.3. Materials and methods................................................................................119

4.3.4. Effects Ofadditives on kaolinite zeta potential in synthetic brine..................120

4.3.5. Model parameters evaluation and experiment data correlation...................123

4.3.5.1. Surface site density and dissociation constant......................................123

4.3.5.2. Adsorption effect of anions SO₄²' and HCO₃'........................................130

4.3.5.3. Adsorption effect of cations Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺...........................................133

4.3.5.4. Effect of synthetic brine pH...................................................................135

4.3.5.5. Effect of carbonate...............................................................................136

4.3.5.6. Effects Ofsilicates.................................................................................138

4.3.5.7. Effects of citrate....................................................................................140

4.4. Reference...............................................................................................144

Chapter5. Separation Ofdiluted bitumen emulsion...........................................147

5.1. Introduction.............................................................................................147

5.2. Materials and emulsion preparation........................................................148

5.3. Emulsion coalescence and clean oil separation......................................149

5.3.1. Methods......................................................................................................149

5.3.2. Results and discussions.............................................................................150

5.4. Clay solids separation from rag layer (effects of pH and shaking)..........152

5.4.1. Methods......................................................................................................152

5.4.2. Results and discussions.............................................................................153

5.5. Separation of oil-in-water emulsion (effects of pH)..................................159

5.5.1. Methods......................................................................................................159

5.5.2. Results and discussions.............................................................................160

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