4.2.4. Effect of surfactant containing cationic groups..............................................97
4.2.4.1. Effect of C8TAB.......................................................................................98
4.2.4.2. Effectofbetaine....................................................................................101
4.2.4.3. Effect of amine oxide............................................................................105
4.3. Wettability of kaolinite characterized by zeta potential............................109
4.3.1. Introduction.................................................................................................109
4.3.2. Zeta potential model...................................................................................109
4.3.3. Materials and methods................................................................................119
4.3.4. Effects Ofadditives on kaolinite zeta potential in synthetic brine..................120
4.3.5. Model parameters evaluation and experiment data correlation...................123
4.3.5.1. Surface site density and dissociation constant......................................123
4.3.5.2. Adsorption effect of anions SO42' and HCO3'........................................130
4.3.5.3. Adsorption effect of cations Ca2+ and Mg2+...........................................133
4.3.5.4. Effect of synthetic brine pH...................................................................135
4.3.5.5. Effect of carbonate...............................................................................136
4.3.5.6. Effects Ofsilicates.................................................................................138
4.3.5.7. Effects of citrate....................................................................................140
4.4. Reference...............................................................................................144
Chapter5. Separation Ofdiluted bitumen emulsion...........................................147
5.1. Introduction.............................................................................................147
5.2. Materials and emulsion preparation........................................................148
5.3. Emulsion coalescence and clean oil separation......................................149
5.3.1. Methods......................................................................................................149
5.3.2. Results and discussions.............................................................................150
5.4. Clay solids separation from rag layer (effects of pH and shaking)..........152
5.4.1. Methods......................................................................................................152
5.4.2. Results and discussions.............................................................................153
5.5. Separation of oil-in-water emulsion (effects of pH)..................................159
5.5.1. Methods......................................................................................................159
5.5.2. Results and discussions.............................................................................160
vii
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