Chapter 3
can be used to calculate the emulsified water fraction. The bottom is free water
and W∕O∕W emulsion, and Eq. [3.39] can be used to calculate free water fraction.
The profile results and calculated water fraction profiles of samples 1-4 are
shown in Figures. 3.18 - 3.21. The red dashed lines in the figures represent the
boundaries of the sample. The total height is a little less than 4 cm. × axis S is the
emulsified or free water saturation of the sample, y axis position is the position
measured from the middle of the sample. The waiting time tw is 0.6 s. Total water
content 0.50 is used for calibration of fresh emulsion. For other water fraction
profile figures at later times, total water content φ obtained by integration over
vertical position is listed to demonstrate consistency. For all four samples
calculated and actual water contents were nearly equal at all times.
In the calculation of sample 1 (with solids, no PR5, Figure 3.18), T1 for bulk
water, oil and emulsified water are 2.60 s, 0.63 s and 1.41 s, respectively. The first
two of these, being bulk phase properties, are the same for all four samples. At
initial time, the emulsion is homogeneous, and the water fraction is around 0.5. As
time increases, the dispersed water fraction increases at the bottom and
decreases on the top. This result is consistent with the visual observation of
emulsion sedimentation.
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