Table 1: Income, growth, and schooling in OECD countries, 1960-2000
Growth____________ _______GDP per capita_______ _______Years of schooling______ _________Test scores
|
1960-2000 _____________(1)____ |
1960-1980 |
1980-2000 |
1960 |
1980 |
2000 |
1960 |
1980 |
2000 |
Mean |
Basic |
Top | ||
|
Australia |
AUS |
2.22 |
2.41 |
2.03 |
10,618 |
17,092 |
25,535 |
9.3 |
11.5 |
11.8 |
509.4 |
93.8 |
11.2 |
|
Austria |
AUT |
2.96 |
3.86 |
2.07 |
7,365 |
15,706 |
23,681 |
4.2 |
7.3 |
9.0 |
508.9 |
93.1 |
9.7 |
|
Belgium |
BEL |
2.84 |
3.78 |
1.91 |
7,759 |
16,303 |
23,784 |
6.9 |
8.5 |
10.2 |
504.1 |
93.1 |
9.4 |
|
Canada |
CAN |
2.40 |
3.06 |
1.75 |
10,419 |
19,022 |
26,922 |
8.3 |
9.7 |
11.0 |
503.8 |
94.8 |
8.3 |
|
Denmark |
DEN |
2.25 |
2.61 |
1.90 |
10,917 |
18,282 |
26,627 |
7.9 |
9.3 |
9.7 |
496.2 |
88.8 |
8.8 |
|
Finland |
FIN |
2.95 |
3.73 |
2.17 |
7,438 |
15,484 |
23,798 |
5.7 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
512.6 |
95.8 |
12.4 |
|
France |
FRA |
2.65 |
3.68 |
1.63 |
7,860 |
16,201 |
22,371 |
4.2 |
6.0 |
9.5 |
504.0 |
92.6 |
8.5 |
|
Greece |
GRE |
3.19 |
5.34 |
1.09 |
4,159 |
11,767 |
14,625 |
7.4 |
7.1 |
8.9 |
460.8 |
79.8 |
4.2 |
|
Iceland |
ICE |
2.84 |
4.07 |
1.61 |
8,106 |
18,017 |
24,794 |
6.2 |
7.9 |
9.6 |
493.6 |
90.8 |
7.4 |
|
Ireland |
IRE |
4.14 |
3.30 |
4.98 |
5,208 |
9,978 |
26,379 |
8.0 |
9.9 |
10.9 |
499.5 |
91.4 |
9.4 |
|
Italy |
ITA |
2.95 |
4.08 |
1.83 |
6,817 |
15,161 |
21,794 |
4.9 |
6.5 |
9.1 |
475.8 |
87.5 |
5.4 |
|
Japan |
JAP |
4.26 |
6.24 |
2.31 |
4,657 |
15,631 |
24,672 |
8.0 |
9.3 |
10.9 |
531.0 |
96.7 |
16.8 |
|
Korea, Rep. |
KOR |
5.95 |
5.78 |
6.13 |
1,571 |
4,830 |
15,881 |
4.3 |
8.3 |
11.1 |
533.8 |
96.2 |
17.8 |
|
Mexico |
MEX |
2.00 |
3.30 |
0.71 |
3,970 |
7,603 |
8,766 |
2.8 |
4.9 |
7.6 |
399.8 |
48.9 |
0.9 |
|
Netherlands |
NET |
2.44 |
2.82 |
2.06 |
9,263 |
16,164 |
24,313 |
6.3 |
9.4 |
10.7 |
511.5 |
96.5 |
9.2 |
|
New Zealand |
NEW |
1.23 |
1.07 |
1.38 |
11,555 |
14,304 |
18,824 |
10.2 |
11.8 |
12.2 |
497.8 |
91.0 |
10.6 |
|
Norway |
NOR |
3.02 |
3.62 |
2.42 |
8,239 |
16,772 |
27,044 |
7.6 |
9.1 |
11.3 |
483.0 |
89.4 |
5.6 |
|
Portugal |
POR |
3.92 |
4.95 |
2.89 |
3,434 |
9,024 |
15,955 |
3.2 |
5.5 |
7.6 |
456.4 |
80.3 |
3.2 |
|
Spain |
SPA |
3.43 |
4.59 |
2.27 |
4,693 |
11,520 |
18,055 |
3.3 |
6.2 |
9.3 |
482.9 |
85.9 |
7.9 |
|
Sweden |
SWE |
2.15 |
2.69 |
1.61 |
10,112 |
17,179 |
23,662 |
7.3 |
9.4 |
11.1 |
501.3 |
93.9 |
8.8 |
|
Switzerland |
SWI |
1.45 |
2.05 |
0.85 |
14,877 |
22,320 |
26,422 |
7.6 |
10.3 |
9.6 |
514.2 |
91.9 |
13.4 |
|
Turkey |
TUR |
2.35 |
2.38 |
2.32 |
2,700 |
4,325 |
6,838 |
1.6 |
3.6 |
6.0 |
412.8 |
58.2 |
3.9 |
|
United Kingdom |
GBR |
2.10 |
1.98 |
2.21 |
9,682 |
14,340 |
22,188 |
7.0 |
8.1 |
9.0 |
495.0 |
92.9 |
8.8 |
|
United States |
USA |
2.50 |
2.75 |
2.25 |
12,414 |
21,337 |
33,308 |
9.2 |
12.2 |
13.0 |
490.3 |
91.8 |
7,3 |
|
Mean |
2.84 |
3.51 |
2.18 |
7,660 |
14,515 |
21,927 |
6.3 |
8.3 |
9.9 |
490.8 |
88.1 |
8.7 | |
|
Minimum |
1.23 |
1.07 |
0.71 |
1,571 |
4,325 |
6,838 |
1.6 |
3.6 |
6.0 |
399.8 |
48.9 |
0.9 | |
|
Maximum |
5.95 |
6.24 |
6.13 |
14,877 |
22,320 |
33,308 |
10,2 |
12.2 |
13.0 |
533.8 |
96.7 |
17,8 | |
Notes'. Sample: 24 OECD countries with income and education data for the whole period. Growth = average annual growth rate in GDP per capita (in percent). GDP per
capita: in constant international dollars. Years of schooling: population aged 15 years and above. Test scores: average of math and science, all available tests (1964-
2003); basic∕top: percent of students over 400/600. Sources: Heston, Summers, and Aten (2002); Barro and Lee (2010); Hanushek and Woessmann (2009).
Table 2: Basic results on educational outcomes and long-run economic growth in OECD countries
1960-1980 1980-2000 Avg. yearsa GDP>10,000b Growth<5⅜c Full country sample
|
(ɪ) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(?) |
(8) |
(9) |
(ɪθ) | |
|
Cognitive skills |
1.864 |
1.968 |
1.737 |
2.350 |
1.735 |
1.398 |
1.525 |
1.978 | ||
|
(3-83) |
(6 72) |
(2-95) |
(3.P7) |
(3.26) |
(2.89) |
(4.33) |
(7.98) | |||
|
Initial years of schooling |
0.173 |
0.046 |
0.024 |
0.147 |
0.096 |
0.029 |
0.056 |
0.396 |
0.080 | |
|
(2.09) |
(0.82) |
(0.23) |
(R 30) |
f7.√0) |
(0.50) |
(1.06) |
(2.89) |
(1.07) | ||
|
Initial GDP per capita |
-0.293 |
-0.303 |
-0.285 |
-0.338 |
-0.250 |
-0.311 |
-0.302 |
-0.273 |
-0.405 |
-0.313 |
|
(A20) |
(8.61) |
(10.33) |
(3.23) |
(6.18) |
(P.55) |
(8.58) |
(7.41) |
(4.67) |
(5.67) | |
|
OECD |
1.437 |
0.859 | ||||||||
|
(1.68) |
(0.32) | |||||||||
|
OECD x Cognitive skills |
-0.203 | |||||||||
|
(0.36) | ||||||||||
|
OECD x Initial years of |
-0.110 | |||||||||
|
schooling |
(0-65) | |||||||||
|
No. of countries |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
22 |
23 |
50 |
50 |
|
F (OECD and interaction) |
2.37 |
0.10 | ||||||||
|
R2 (adj.)____________________ |
0.559 |
0.828 |
0.831 |
0.630 |
0.658 |
0.839 |
0.835 |
0.738 |
0.297 |
0.723 |
Notes: Dependent variable: average annual growth rate in GDP per capita, 1960-2000 (unless noted otherwise). Sample: OECD countries (unless noted otherwise).
Regressions include a constant, /-statistics in parentheses, a Years of schooling averaged between 1960 and 2000. b Sample excludes Mexico and Turkey, c Sample
excludes Korea.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on data in Heston, Summers, and Aten (2002), Hanushek and Woessmann (2009), and Barro and Lee (2010).