Table 1: Income, growth, and schooling in OECD countries, 1960-2000
Growth____________ _______GDP per capita_______ _______Years of schooling______ _________Test scores
|
1960-2000 _____________(1)____ |
1960-1980 |
1980-2000 |
1960 |
1980 |
2000 |
1960 |
1980 |
2000 |
Mean |
Basic |
Top | ||
|
Australia |
AUS |
2.22 |
2.41 |
2.03 |
10,618 |
17,092 |
25,535 |
9.3 |
11.5 |
11.8 |
509.4 |
93.8 |
11.2 |
|
Austria |
AUT |
2.96 |
3.86 |
2.07 |
7,365 |
15,706 |
23,681 |
4.2 |
7.3 |
9.0 |
508.9 |
93.1 |
9.7 |
|
Belgium |
BEL |
2.84 |
3.78 |
1.91 |
7,759 |
16,303 |
23,784 |
6.9 |
8.5 |
10.2 |
504.1 |
93.1 |
9.4 |
|
Canada |
CAN |
2.40 |
3.06 |
1.75 |
10,419 |
19,022 |
26,922 |
8.3 |
9.7 |
11.0 |
503.8 |
94.8 |
8.3 |
|
Denmark |
DEN |
2.25 |
2.61 |
1.90 |
10,917 |
18,282 |
26,627 |
7.9 |
9.3 |
9.7 |
496.2 |
88.8 |
8.8 |
|
Finland |
FIN |
2.95 |
3.73 |
2.17 |
7,438 |
15,484 |
23,798 |
5.7 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
512.6 |
95.8 |
12.4 |
|
France |
FRA |
2.65 |
3.68 |
1.63 |
7,860 |
16,201 |
22,371 |
4.2 |
6.0 |
9.5 |
504.0 |
92.6 |
8.5 |
|
Greece |
GRE |
3.19 |
5.34 |
1.09 |
4,159 |
11,767 |
14,625 |
7.4 |
7.1 |
8.9 |
460.8 |
79.8 |
4.2 |
|
Iceland |
ICE |
2.84 |
4.07 |
1.61 |
8,106 |
18,017 |
24,794 |
6.2 |
7.9 |
9.6 |
493.6 |
90.8 |
7.4 |
|
Ireland |
IRE |
4.14 |
3.30 |
4.98 |
5,208 |
9,978 |
26,379 |
8.0 |
9.9 |
10.9 |
499.5 |
91.4 |
9.4 |
|
Italy |
ITA |
2.95 |
4.08 |
1.83 |
6,817 |
15,161 |
21,794 |
4.9 |
6.5 |
9.1 |
475.8 |
87.5 |
5.4 |
|
Japan |
JAP |
4.26 |
6.24 |
2.31 |
4,657 |
15,631 |
24,672 |
8.0 |
9.3 |
10.9 |
531.0 |
96.7 |
16.8 |
|
Korea, Rep. |
KOR |
5.95 |
5.78 |
6.13 |
1,571 |
4,830 |
15,881 |
4.3 |
8.3 |
11.1 |
533.8 |
96.2 |
17.8 |
|
Mexico |
MEX |
2.00 |
3.30 |
0.71 |
3,970 |
7,603 |
8,766 |
2.8 |
4.9 |
7.6 |
399.8 |
48.9 |
0.9 |
|
Netherlands |
NET |
2.44 |
2.82 |
2.06 |
9,263 |
16,164 |
24,313 |
6.3 |
9.4 |
10.7 |
511.5 |
96.5 |
9.2 |
|
New Zealand |
NEW |
1.23 |
1.07 |
1.38 |
11,555 |
14,304 |
18,824 |
10.2 |
11.8 |
12.2 |
497.8 |
91.0 |
10.6 |
|
Norway |
NOR |
3.02 |
3.62 |
2.42 |
8,239 |
16,772 |
27,044 |
7.6 |
9.1 |
11.3 |
483.0 |
89.4 |
5.6 |
|
Portugal |
POR |
3.92 |
4.95 |
2.89 |
3,434 |
9,024 |
15,955 |
3.2 |
5.5 |
7.6 |
456.4 |
80.3 |
3.2 |
|
Spain |
SPA |
3.43 |
4.59 |
2.27 |
4,693 |
11,520 |
18,055 |
3.3 |
6.2 |
9.3 |
482.9 |
85.9 |
7.9 |
|
Sweden |
SWE |
2.15 |
2.69 |
1.61 |
10,112 |
17,179 |
23,662 |
7.3 |
9.4 |
11.1 |
501.3 |
93.9 |
8.8 |
|
Switzerland |
SWI |
1.45 |
2.05 |
0.85 |
14,877 |
22,320 |
26,422 |
7.6 |
10.3 |
9.6 |
514.2 |
91.9 |
13.4 |
|
Turkey |
TUR |
2.35 |
2.38 |
2.32 |
2,700 |
4,325 |
6,838 |
1.6 |
3.6 |
6.0 |
412.8 |
58.2 |
3.9 |
|
United Kingdom |
GBR |
2.10 |
1.98 |
2.21 |
9,682 |
14,340 |
22,188 |
7.0 |
8.1 |
9.0 |
495.0 |
92.9 |
8.8 |
|
United States |
USA |
2.50 |
2.75 |
2.25 |
12,414 |
21,337 |
33,308 |
9.2 |
12.2 |
13.0 |
490.3 |
91.8 |
7,3 |
|
Mean |
2.84 |
3.51 |
2.18 |
7,660 |
14,515 |
21,927 |
6.3 |
8.3 |
9.9 |
490.8 |
88.1 |
8.7 | |
|
Minimum |
1.23 |
1.07 |
0.71 |
1,571 |
4,325 |
6,838 |
1.6 |
3.6 |
6.0 |
399.8 |
48.9 |
0.9 | |
|
Maximum |
5.95 |
6.24 |
6.13 |
14,877 |
22,320 |
33,308 |
10,2 |
12.2 |
13.0 |
533.8 |
96.7 |
17,8 | |
Notes'. Sample: 24 OECD countries with income and education data for the whole period. Growth = average annual growth rate in GDP per capita (in percent). GDP per
capita: in constant international dollars. Years of schooling: population aged 15 years and above. Test scores: average of math and science, all available tests (1964-
2003); basic∕top: percent of students over 400/600. Sources: Heston, Summers, and Aten (2002); Barro and Lee (2010); Hanushek and Woessmann (2009).
Table 2: Basic results on educational outcomes and long-run economic growth in OECD countries
1960-1980 1980-2000 Avg. yearsa GDP>10,000b Growth<5⅜c Full country sample
|
(ɪ) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(?) |
(8) |
(9) |
(ɪθ) | |
|
Cognitive skills |
1.864 |
1.968 |
1.737 |
2.350 |
1.735 |
1.398 |
1.525 |
1.978 | ||
|
(3-83) |
(6 72) |
(2-95) |
(3.P7) |
(3.26) |
(2.89) |
(4.33) |
(7.98) | |||
|
Initial years of schooling |
0.173 |
0.046 |
0.024 |
0.147 |
0.096 |
0.029 |
0.056 |
0.396 |
0.080 | |
|
(2.09) |
(0.82) |
(0.23) |
(R 30) |
f7.√0) |
(0.50) |
(1.06) |
(2.89) |
(1.07) | ||
|
Initial GDP per capita |
-0.293 |
-0.303 |
-0.285 |
-0.338 |
-0.250 |
-0.311 |
-0.302 |
-0.273 |
-0.405 |
-0.313 |
|
(A20) |
(8.61) |
(10.33) |
(3.23) |
(6.18) |
(P.55) |
(8.58) |
(7.41) |
(4.67) |
(5.67) | |
|
OECD |
1.437 |
0.859 | ||||||||
|
(1.68) |
(0.32) | |||||||||
|
OECD x Cognitive skills |
-0.203 | |||||||||
|
(0.36) | ||||||||||
|
OECD x Initial years of |
-0.110 | |||||||||
|
schooling |
(0-65) | |||||||||
|
No. of countries |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
22 |
23 |
50 |
50 |
|
F (OECD and interaction) |
2.37 |
0.10 | ||||||||
|
R2 (adj.)____________________ |
0.559 |
0.828 |
0.831 |
0.630 |
0.658 |
0.839 |
0.835 |
0.738 |
0.297 |
0.723 |
Notes: Dependent variable: average annual growth rate in GDP per capita, 1960-2000 (unless noted otherwise). Sample: OECD countries (unless noted otherwise).
Regressions include a constant, /-statistics in parentheses, a Years of schooling averaged between 1960 and 2000. b Sample excludes Mexico and Turkey, c Sample
excludes Korea.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on data in Heston, Summers, and Aten (2002), Hanushek and Woessmann (2009), and Barro and Lee (2010).
More intriguing information
1. Recognizability of Individual Creative Style Within and Across Domains: Preliminary Studies2. Computational Experiments with the Fuzzy Love and Romance
3. The name is absent
4. The name is absent
5. Social Balance Theory
6. Death as a Fateful Moment? The Reflexive Individual and Scottish Funeral Practices
7. FDI Implications of Recent European Court of Justice Decision on Corporation Tax Matters
8. The Veblen-Gerschenkron Effect of FDI in Mezzogiorno and East Germany
9. The name is absent
10. Learning and Endogenous Business Cycles in a Standard Growth Model