4 A sectoral analysis
such as coal (5.3%) and half-manufactured goods such as iron (6.6%). Food products, such
as grain (3.4%) and sugar (2.3%) had a substantially smaller shares.16 Exports as a share of
production were also quite high within some sectors. The highest shares were recorded for
leather products (110%), metal products (93%) and textiles (99%) in 1910-13. Overall the
export share of production increases from 70% in 1875-79 to 95% in 1910-13.17
Although this evidence does not support the view that bank development was very impor-
tant for technological progress that occurred in manufacturing during the industrial revolu-
tion, it is remarkable that the patterns in 19th century Germany are very similar to modern
emerging markets. In emerging markets it is typically found that the non-tradables sectors are
impacted the most by domestic banking system (see Tornell and Westermann (2005) and IMF
(2003)). Table 5 shows that this is also the case in 19th century Germany, as both services
and transportation are clearly non-tradable. Due to the lack of modern refrigeration, the
output of the agriculture sector is likely to have been relatively non-tradable as well. Webb
(1977) documents that tariff protection was substantially higher in agriculture than in other
industrial sectors.
16See Hoffmann (1965), table 60, p.154.
17See Hoffmann (1965), table 70, p.158.
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