3.1. An increase in government debt
Because of finitely lived households Ricardian equivalence does not hold in this model. In this
experiment we show the degree in which Ricardian equivalence is violated by showing the real
interest rate response of an increase in the debt to GDP ratio in Europe of 10% points. Enders and
Hubbard (2004) provide a summary of recent research (in the US case). Their reported estimates
for a 1% point increase range from zero to 24 basis points. Their preferred estimate lies between 2
and 3 basis points. Our model is more Ricardian than the results obtained by Engen and Hubbard.
A 1% increase in the debt to GDP ratio increases the long run real interest rate by slightly less than
1 basis point. Notice this result is obtained by increasing government debt in Europe only. The
results obtained in standard regression analysis are probably biased upwards because the debt
dynamics are positively correlated internationally over the sample period used for the regression
analysis.
Figure 1: Increase in Government Debt (10% points)
Real Interest Rate
Share of Financial Wealth of Pensioners
0,006
0,004
0,002
0
-0,002
-0,004
-0,006
-0,008
-0,01
-0,012
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
After 50 years the real interest rate increases by about 7 BP and the capital stock declines by about
1% and GDP by around .3%. The effects on the intergenerational wealth distribution are minor.
This compares to Gertler’s closed economy case where a 10% increase in government debt leads
to an increase in interest rates of about 25 BP and reduces the capital stock by roughly 2.5%
3.2. A reduction in pensions
In 2005, the share of pensions in total GDP is roughly 11%. What would happen if the pension
system would become less generous? In this experiment it is assumed that the share of pensions in
total GDP would be reduced by 2.5% points (gradually phased in over a period of 10 years). This
corresponds to the pension experiment conducted by Gertler for the US. The most important
question is, how such a reform would increase financial wealth and in particular capital
accumulation. A less generous pension system in the EU would increase savings and reduce
81
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