THE RISE OF RURAL-TO-RURAL LABOR MARKETS IN CHINA

Locally Employed

Rural to Urban Movement

Rural to Rural Movement

Local
Workers
Locally
Employed

Self-

Employed

Local Village
Industry

All R-U

Movement Commuters Migrants

All R-R

Movement

Commuters

Migrants

Gender

1995                       (¹)

(1)

32

(2)

30

(3)

36

(4)           (5)           (6)

(Percent Female)

22        28        15

(7)

43

(8)

41

(9)

44

1988                    (2)

29

27

34

20       26       10

48

60

24

Education

1995                     (3)

58

59

57

(Percent Middle School Graduates)

59        58        59

45

49

42

1988                    (4)

50

51

49

41       39       45

58

66

43

Age

1995                     ⁽⁵⁾

21

15

36

(Percent under Age 25)

44       35       55

37

34

40

1988                    (6)

24

18

39

35       32       42

50

52

39