Valuing Access to our Public Lands: A Unique Public Good Pricing Experiment



Table 5. Hypothetical Bias Probit Model

Explanatory

Variables

RDD Sample

NPF Sample

Mean

Coefficient P -Value

ME

Mean

Coefficient

P -Value

ME

Hypothetical

0.082

1.362***

0.001

0.136

0.039

0.348**

0.034

0.126

All Revenue

0.628

-0.177

0.395

-0.007

0.636

0.030

0.376

0.012

Low Visits

0.803

-1.329***

0.002

-0.131

0.453

-0.409***

0.000

-0.157

Young

0.149

0.580

0.163

0.038

0.138

-0.055

0.346

-0.021

Old

0.242

-0.400

0.206

-0.014

0.300

0.177**

0.043

0.067

Male

0.433

-0.517

0.106

-0.022

0.477

0.062

0.252

0.024

BS degree

0.357

0.537

0.140

0.026

0.394

0.093

0.210

0.036

Professional degree

0.236

0.068

0.452

0.003

0.353

0.129

0.144

0.049

Low Income

0.312

-0.400

0.204

-0.019

0.255

0.054

0.361

0.020

White

0.846

-0.577

0.156

-0.038

0.877

0.224*

0.080

0.087

NE

0.048

0.168

0.438

0.008

0.079

-0.475***

0.008

-0.187

ENC

0.113

0.178

0.383

0.008

0.117

-0.297**

0.038

-0.117

WNC

0.160

0.117

0.427

0.005

0.155

-0.375**

0.012

-0.147

GP

0.071

0.122

0.433

0.005

0.082

-0.730***

0.000

-0.285

SE

0.165

-0.187

0.383

-0.007

0.177

-0.307**

0.018

-0.120

WSC

0.065

-3.832

0.461

-0.032

0.025

-0.471**

0.046

-0.186

SW

0.067

-1.256

0.084

-0.020

0.071

-0.353**

0.039

-0.139

RM

0.097

-1.114

0.133

-0.022

0.109

-0.171

0.147

-0.067

Constant

1.000

-0.639

0.235

--

1.000

0.435**

0.037

--

Sample Size

180

830

Hypothetical Bias

Scaling Factor (eδ)

1.43

1.30

Notes. (***), (**), and (*) refer to statistical significance at the 1, 5 and 10 percent levels. The estimation was carried out
using the Constrained Maximum Likelihood (CML 2.0) package in Gauss version 3.5. The nonlinear optimization routine
was Newton-Raphson with a convergence criterion of 1
×10-5 for the gradient of the coefficients. The estimates for “don’t
know” and “missing” dummy variables are not shown. ME = Marginal Effect. 26 and 17 protest households (those that
would not be interested in the NRP even if it were offered free of charge) were removed from the RDD and NPF samples.

30



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