LINGUISTICS December. "Kate's" unique development in the
acquisition of English and Dutch suggested that she could
alternate languages and spoke English and Dutch as two
monolingual children in one. See also, Poplack, S. (1980)
'Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish Y Terτnino En
Espanol: Toward a typology of code-switching' LINGUISTICS
Vol. 18 pp.581-618. Poplack (1980) refers to this
code-switching as the smooth transition between elements of
either language and in no way distinct from the use of
consecutive utterances in the same language. This was
evident during the observation lessons which were creative
activity lessons, when students used a language choice,
that is, at utterance boundaries in Marathi or Hindi, which
was in no way distinct from the use of consecutive
utterances in English.
(52) Arnberg, L. (1981) Early Childhood Bilingualism in the
Mixed-Linoual Family Doctoral Dissertation, Linkoping
University, Sweden. University Microfilms, International
No.82-70 003; see also, Grodjean, F. (1982) Life with 2
Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism Cambrіdge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press; see also, Volterra, V.
and Taeschner, T. (1978) 'The Acquisition and Development
of Language by Bilingual Children', JOURNAL OF CHILD
LANGUAGE Vol. 5 pp.311-26; see also, Vygotsky, L. (1974)
Thought and Language Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
(53) Lucas,T; Henze,R. and Donato,R. (1990) 'Promoting the
Success of Latino Language Minority Students: TVn
Exploratory Study of Six High Schools', HARVARD EDUCATIONAL
REVIEW Vol.60 No.3 August pp.315-40. The necessity for
minority teachers to be fluent bilinguals is suggested in
Lucas, Henze and Donato's (1990) research among Latino and
Asian students.
(54) There have been negative influences on a child's
learning of the majority language and the researchers
included in No. 52 have discussed this aspect. The
negative influences included a smaller active and passive
vocabulary, a confused, mixed vocabulary, less complex
sentences and the misuse of idiomatic expressions.
Nevertheless the bilingual child who is exposed to two
languages does catch up with the monolingual child after
increased exposure. This exposure had a positive effect on
the child's social development.
(55) Fishman, J. (1990) 'What is Reversing Language Shift
(RLS) and how can it succeed?' JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL AND
MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Vol. 11 Nos. 1+2 pp.5-36.
Fishman (1990) discusses Reversing Language Shift (RLS) and
in the context of Anglo-Indian schools this means
introducing a more Bilingual Language Maintenance of
English and an Indian language for Anglo-Indian students.
The emphasis, in other words, should be shifted from a
monolingual instruction in English to bilingual teaching
in English and an Indian language for short periods during
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