the day.
See Chapter 9 for a complete description of the educational
theory-practice model advocated for Anglo-Indian schools.
Fishman's research suggests that societies in Papua and New
Guinea, Africa, South America, India and South-East Asia,
bilingualism has been considered the norm, and bilinguals
outnumber Tnonolinguals. See also, Fishman, J. (1967)
'Bilingualism with and without Diglossia: Diglossia with
and without Bilingualism' JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES Vol. 2
pp.29-38; see also, Smolicz, J. (1979) Culture and
Education in a Plural Society Canberra: Curriculum
Development Centre. Smolicz, (1979) suggests that
bilingualism effectively eliminates the "painful process of
the acquisition of a second language at school" (p.132)
(56) The studies were conducted by: (1) Berman, N. and
Olsthain, E. (1983) 'Features of first language transfer in
second language attrition', APPLIED LINGUISTICS Vol.1
pp.222-234 (2) Humes-Bartlo, M. (1989) 'Variation in
children's ability to learn second languages', IN: K.
Hyltenstam and L.K. Obler (eds.) Bilingualism across the
lifespan: Aspects of acquisition. Maturity and Loss
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Humes-BartlozS
(1989) research suggests that students with low ability in
second language learning exhibited subtle language deficits
in LI, although they had average abilities. She advocated
strengthening Ll skills and improving verbal memory. (3)
Jakobson, R. (1941, 1968) Child Language, Aphasia and
Phonological Universals The Hague: Mouton (4) Karmiloff-
Smith, A. (1985) 'Language and Cognitive Process from a
developmental point of view', LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE
PROCESSES Vol. 1 pp.61-85 (5) Sharwood-Smith, M.A. (1989)
'Crosslinguistic influence in language loss', IN: K.
Hyltenstam and L.K.Obler (eds.) Bilingualism across the
lifespan: Aspects of acquisition. Maturity and Loss
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(57) Berman, N. and Olsthain, E. (1983) ibid.; see also,
Humes-Bartlo, M. (1989) ibid.; see also, Lambert, R. and
Freed, B. (1982) The Loss of Language Skills Rowley, M.A.:
Newbury House; see also, Manuel, H.T. and Wright, C.E.
(1929) 'The Language Difficulty of Mexican
Children', JOURNAL OF GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY Vol.36 pp.458-66;
see also, McLaughlin, B. (1978) Second Language Acquisition
in Childhood New Jersey, U.S.A.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
(p.9); see also, Mitchell, A.J.(1937) 'The Effect of
Bilingualism in the Measurement of Intelligence',
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL JOURNAL Vol.38 pp.29-37; see also, Smith,
M.E.(1939) 'Some light on the Problem of Bilingualism as
found from a study of the progress in mastery of English
among pre-school children of non-American ancestry in
Hawaii', GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY MONOGRAPHS Vol.21 pp.121-284
(58) Berman, N. and Olsthain, E. (1983) 'Features of first
language transfer in second language attrition', APPLIED
292