|
Table 1 Average ad valorem rates of protection faced by |
US exports. |
past and present | |||||||||||
|
MFN |
applied tariffs (percent) |
Actual tariffs (percent) |
Bound rates (percent) |
Nontariffbarriers (percent) |
US exports |
Export shares (percent) | |||||||
|
I |
Il |
III |
IV |
V |
Vl |
Vll |
Vlll |
IX |
X |
Xl |
Xll | ||
|
CountryZregion |
Past |
Present |
Past |
Present |
Past (Tokyo) |
Present |
Past |
Present |
1990 2004 |
Past |
Present | ||
|
Australia |
15.1 |
4.3 |
15.1 |
1.3 |
20.9 |
10.5 |
16.9 |
8.3 |
9 |
14 |
3 |
2 | |
|
Brazil |
34.7 |
13.2 |
34.7 |
13.2 |
62.9 |
33.6 |
33.5 |
16.4 |
5 |
14 |
2 |
2 | |
|
Canada |
9.1 |
5.9 |
5.4 |
1.0 |
14.7 |
7.4 |
9.1 |
4.5 |
83 |
189 |
25 |
27 | |
|
China |
38.9 |
10.4 |
38.9 |
10.4 |
38.9 |
13.6 |
11.5 |
5.6 |
5 |
35 |
1 |
5 | |
|
EU-15 |
7.3 |
5.6 |
7.3 |
5.6 |
6.5 |
5.2 |
21.6 |
10.6 |
93 |
169 |
28 |
24 | |
|
Hong Kong |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
5.8 |
2.8 |
7 |
16 |
2 |
2 | |
|
India |
81.1 |
23.3 |
81.1 |
23.3 |
113.1 |
41.2 |
29.6 |
14.5 |
2 |
6 |
1 |
1 | |
|
Indonesia |
18.1 |
6.2 |
18.1 |
6.2 |
74.5 |
48.0 |
9.7 |
4.7 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
0 | |
|
Japan |
4.8 |
4.5 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
6.8 |
4.6 |
20.5 |
10.0 |
49 |
54 |
15 |
8 | |
|
Korea |
13.1 |
10.3 |
13.1 |
10.3 |
30.3 |
17.7 |
20.5 |
10.0 |
14 |
26 |
4 |
4 | |
|
Malaysia |
12.6 |
7.4 |
12.6 |
7.4 |
16.8 |
14.8 |
64.1 |
31.4 |
3 |
11 |
1 |
2 | |
|
Mexico |
14.6 |
13.6 |
14.6 |
0.0 |
50.0 |
36.0 |
32.7 |
16.0 |
28 |
111 |
9 |
16 | |
|
Philippines |
22.7 |
5.5 |
22.7 |
5.5 |
32.1 |
26.6 |
59.3 |
29.0 |
2 |
7 |
1 |
1 | |
|
Singapore |
0.4 |
0.0 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
18.6 |
7.4 |
5.8 |
2.8 |
8 |
20 |
2 |
3 | |
|
Taiwan |
10.5 |
7.1 |
10.5 |
7.1 |
10.5 |
7.6 |
64.1 |
31.4 |
11 |
22 |
3 |
3 | |
|
Thailand |
37.7 |
13.8 |
37.7 |
13.8 |
50.6 |
28.8 |
9.0 |
4.4 |
3 |
6 |
1 |
1 | |
|
Venezuela |
16.9 |
12.4 |
16.9 |
12.4 |
65.2 |
51.4 |
19.3 |
9.5 |
3 |
5 |
1 |
1 | |
|
Total |
328 |
707 |
100 |
100 | |||||||||
|
Weighted average |
10.3 |
7.4 |
9.4 |
3.9 |
17.9 |
13.5 |
20.5 |
10.3 | |||||
Columns I and II: Country rates are the simple average of MFN applied tariffs at the tariff line level, including ad valorem equivalents Ofspecifictariffs.
Coluums III and IV: Country rates are the simple average of MFN applied or, when applicable, preferential tariffs at the tariff line level, including ad valorem equivalents Ofspecifictariffs.
CoIumnsV and VI: Country rates are the simple average of bound rates at the tariff line IeveLWhere specific bound rates exist, the ad valorem equivalent of the MFN applied rates are included. Accession rates a re used for
China, Mexico, Taiwan, and Venezuela in the appropriate eras. MFN applied rates are used for China and Taiwan in the "past" era.
CoIumnsVII and VIII: Present nontariff barrier rates are the simple average Ofnontariffbarrier rates from Kee, Nicita, and 0larreaga(2005). Past rates are derived from the present rates assuming a 51.1 percent increase in the
ad valorem rate of protection. Dueto data availability, Japan's nontariff barrier rates are used as a proxy for Korea's rates, Hong Kong's rates a re used as a proxy for Singapore's, and Malaysia's rates are used as a proxy for
Taiwan's.
Sources- UN Comtrade Database via WITS (2008); TRAINS Database via WITS (2008); WTO (2008); Kee, Nicita, and Olarreaga (2005); authors' calculations.