The name is absent

Table 4 Changes in US and US partner applied tariffs, bound tariffs, preferential tariffs, nontariff

barriers, and transportation costs

Subject	Rate in 1980 (percent)	Rate in 1990 (percent)	Rate in 2004 (percent)	Percentage point change
US MFN applied tariffs	ND	5.7	3.8	-2.0
US partner MFN applied tariffs	ND	10.3	7.4	-2.9
AVE of US import transportation costs	4.3	3.7	3.2	-1.1
AVE of US export transportation costs	4.3	3.7	3.2	-1.1
US bound rates (Tokyo to Uruguay)	6.0	6.0	4.1	-2.0
US partner bound rates (Tokyo to Uruguay)	17.9	17.9	13.5	-4.4
AVE of US nontariff barriers	ND	15.4	7.5	-7.9
AVE of partner nontariff barriers	ND	20.5	10.3	-10.2
US actual tariffs (including preferential)	ND	5.3	2.5	-2.8
US partner actual tariffs (including preferential)	ND	9.4	3.9	-5.4

ND = no data available; AVE = ad valorem equivalent

Note: To derive "past" US nontariff barrier rates, a 51.1 percent increase from "present" rates is used as a discounting factor.

Sources: UN Comtrade Database via WITS (2008); TRAINS Database via WITS (2008); Hummels (2007); WTO (2008); Kee, Nicita, and

Olarreaga (2005); authors' calculations.