Table 2 Estimates of tariff equivalents of transportation costs on US imports
from 17 major countries
|
Country |
1980 rate |
1990 rate |
2003 rate |
Percentage |
|
Australia |
10.4 |
7.7 |
5.0 |
5.4 |
|
Brazil |
8.1 |
7.5 |
6.4 |
1.7 |
|
Canada |
0.8 |
2.3 |
1.5 |
-0.7 |
|
China |
10.0 |
7.2 |
7.0 |
3.0 |
|
Germany |
4.4 |
3.1 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
|
Hong Kong |
6.5 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
1.5 |
|
India |
10.3 |
7.2 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
|
Indonesia |
7.0 |
9.8 |
7.9 |
-0.9 |
|
Japan |
6.3 |
3.4 |
2.7 |
3.6 |
|
Korea |
6.8 |
4.3 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
|
Malaysia |
4.2 |
4.1 |
3.0 |
1.2 |
|
Mexico |
1.4 |
1.9 |
1.1 |
0.3 |
|
Philippines |
9.6 |
7.3 |
4.4 |
5.2 |
|
Singapore |
3.8 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
|
Taiwan |
7.8 |
5.2 |
4.4 |
3.3 |
|
Thailand |
6.8 |
5.6 |
6.2 |
0.6 |
|
United Kingdom |
4.2 |
3.2 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
|
Venezuela |
4.8 |
6.0 |
4.9 |
-0.1 |
|
Simple average |
6.3 |
5.2 |
4.2 |
2.1 |
|
Weighted average by imports |
4.3 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
1.0 |
|
Ad valorem equivalent of total charges and |
4.3 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
1.1 |
|
Memorandum | ||||
|
Simple average of weighted average of GTAP |
6.5 |
4.4 |
2.1 |
Notes: The simple average of rates from 1979, 1980, and 1981 are used for the 1980 rate; the simple average of rates from 1989, 1990,
and 1991 are used for the 1990 rate; and the simple average of rates from 2002, 2003, and 2004 are used for the 2003 rate. Weighted
averages are weighted by 1980, 1990, or 2003 imports.
Sources: UN Comtrade Database via WITS (2008); Hummels (2007); authors' calculations.
20
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