The name is absent



Table 2 Estimates of tariff equivalents of transportation costs on US imports
from 17 major countries

Country

1980 rate
(percent)

1990 rate
(percent)

2003 rate
(percent)

Percentage
point
decline,
1980 to 2003

Australia

10.4

7.7

5.0

5.4

Brazil

8.1

7.5

6.4

1.7

Canada

0.8

2.3

1.5

-0.7

China

10.0

7.2

7.0

3.0

Germany

4.4

3.1

2.3

2.1

Hong Kong

6.5

5.0

5.0

1.5

India

10.3

7.2

5.4

4.9

Indonesia

7.0

9.8

7.9

-0.9

Japan

6.3

3.4

2.7

3.6

Korea

6.8

4.3

3.6

3.2

Malaysia

4.2

4.1

3.0

1.2

Mexico

1.4

1.9

1.1

0.3

Philippines

9.6

7.3

4.4

5.2

Singapore

3.8

2.5

1.8

2.0

Taiwan

7.8

5.2

4.4

3.3

Thailand

6.8

5.6

6.2

0.6

United Kingdom

4.2

3.2

2.4

1.9

Venezuela

4.8

6.0

4.9

-0.1

Simple average

6.3

5.2

4.2

2.1

Weighted average by imports

4.3

3.7

3.2

1.0

Ad valorem equivalent of total charges and
imports

4.3

3.7

3.2

1.1

Memorandum

Simple average of weighted average of GTAP
sector estimates

6.5

4.4

2.1

Notes: The simple average of rates from 1979, 1980, and 1981 are used for the 1980 rate; the simple average of rates from 1989, 1990,
and 1991 are used for the 1990 rate; and the simple average of rates from 2002, 2003, and 2004 are used for the 2003 rate. Weighted
averages are weighted by 1980, 1990, or 2003 imports.

Sources: UN Comtrade Database via WITS (2008); Hummels (2007); authors' calculations.

20



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