Table A.48 Estimates of ad valorem equivalents (AVE) of nontariff barriers (NTBs) from various
studies
|
GTAP code |
GTAP sector |
Percent change |
Percentage | ||
|
United States (Linkins and Arce 1994 and USITC 2004) | |||||
|
1991 NTB AVE |
2002 NTB AVE | ||||
|
5 |
Oilseeds |
10.0 |
0.0 |
-100.0 |
-10.0 |
|
6 |
Raw sugar |
124.8 |
107.1 |
-14.2 |
-17.7 |
|
11 |
Raw milk |
60.3 |
0.0 |
-100.0 |
-60.3 |
|
19 |
Bovine meat |
6.5 |
1.1 |
-83.1 |
-5.4 |
|
20 |
Meat nec |
2.6 |
0.0 |
-100.0 |
-2.6 |
|
22 |
Dairy products |
40.9 |
19.0 |
-53.5 |
-21.9 |
|
24 |
Sugar products |
10.0 |
0.0 |
-99.6 |
-10.0 |
|
26 |
Beverages and tobacco |
13.2 |
6.9 |
-47.7 |
-6.3 |
|
27 |
Textiles |
4.5 |
2.4 |
-46.5 |
-2.1 |
|
28 |
Apparel |
5.9 |
2.4 |
-60.2 |
-3.6 |
|
29 |
Leather products |
2.6 |
0.0 |
-100.0 |
-2.6 |
|
Average |
-73.2 | ||||
|
European Union (Messerlin 2001) | |||||
|
1990 NTB AVE |
1999 NTB AVE | ||||
|
3 |
Cereals (excluding rice) |
63.0 |
5.0 |
-92.1 |
-58.0 |
|
4 |
Vegetable, fruits, nuts |
10.5 |
11.2 |
6.7 |
0.7 |
|
19 |
Bovine meat |
74.0 |
64.8 |
-12.4 |
-9.2 |
|
22 |
Dairy products |
104.0 |
100.3 |
-3.6 |
-3.7 |
|
24 |
Sugar products |
117.0 |
125.0 |
6.8 |
8.0 |
|
25 |
Food products nec |
15.0 |
5.0 |
-66.7 |
-10.0 |
|
26 |
Beverages and tobacco |
5.0 |
5.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
27 |
Textiles |
11.0 |
8.0 |
-27.3 |
-3.0 |
|
28 |
Apparel |
12.0 |
19.0 |
58.3 |
7.0 |
|
29 |
Leather products |
5.0 |
5.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
35 |
Ferrous metals |
15.0 |
4.0 |
-73.3 |
-11.0 |
|
38 |
Motor vehicles |
6.1 |
4.0 |
-34.4 |
-2.1 |
|
42 |
Other industries |
2.0 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
Average |
-18.3 | ||||
|
China (Shuguang, Yansheng, and Zhongxin 1998 and Kee, Nicita, and Olarreaga 2005) | |||||
|
1994 NTB AVE |
2001 NTB AVE | ||||
|
2 |
Wheat |
72.4 |
34.4 |
-52.4 |
-38.0 |
|
21 |
Vegetable oils and fats |
88.6 |
14.1 |
-84.1 |
-74.5 |
|
24 |
Sugar products |
111.4 |
39.9 |
-64.1 |
-71.5 |
|
26 |
Beverages and tobacco |
40.6 |
6.3 |
-84.6 |
-34.3 |
|
27 |
Textiles |
7.0 |
4.1 |
-41.1 |
-2.9 |
|
27/28 |
Textiles/apparel |
4.2 |
3.0 |
-28.3 |
-1.2 |
|
30 |
Wood products |
26.1 |
1.9 |
-92.7 |
-24.2 |
|
32 |
Petroleum and related products |
20.5 |
42.0 |
104.5 |
21.5 |
|
33 |
Chemicals, plastic, rubber |
27.5 |
5.8 |
-79.0 |
-21.7 |
|
36/37 |
Metals/metal products |
8.4 |
4.3 |
-49.0 |
-4.1 |
table continues on next page
95
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