fMRI Investigation of Cortical and Subcortical Networks in the Learning of Abstract and Effector-Specific Representations of Motor Sequences



Middle Occipital Gyrus (BA 19)

R

158

22 -89

8

4.66

Inferior Parietal Lobule (BA 40)

L

21

-28 -38

53

3.33

Superior Parietal Cortex (BA 7)

R

6

14 -55

58

3.12

Precuneus (BA 7)

R

41

8 -54

47

3.71

Middle Frontal Gyrus (BA 10)

R

10

34 38

18

3.69

Early motor > visual

Brodmann Area 19

R

42

28 -81

17

3.97

Brodmann Area 18

R

15

30 -78

-3

3.56

L

11

-6   -69

15

3.43

Cingulate Gyrus (BA 31)

R

96

16 -53

28

3.7

L

9

-16 -45

28

3.02

Precuneus (BA 7)

L

165

-16 -70

37

4.53

Inferior Frontal Gyrus (BA 45)

R

3

55 20

5

3.12

Late motor > visual

Anterior Cerebellum (Culmen)

R

9

12 -34

-10

3.07

Caudate Body

L

3

-8    5

16

3.17

Anterior Cingulate (BA 32)

L

6

-6 41

7

3.06

SMA (BA 6)

7

0   -25

53

3.22

Superior Frontal Gyrus (BA 10)

R

4

-28 48

23

3.18

Middle Frontal Gyrus (BA 9)

L

11

-44 11

33

3.53

Inferior Frontal Gyrus (BA 45)

R

3

57 26

15

3.15

L

12

-53 22

8

3.37

Medial Frontal Gyrus

5

-8   53

16

3.46

Stereotaxic Talairach coordinates of peak activation obtained with p < .005 (uncorrected).

Summary of main effects and direct comparisons

While activation in the right anterior cerebellum sustained from the early to late stage
of
visual setting, the activity decreased by the late stage in the motor setting. Whereas
the activation in the left dorsal putamen extended into both anterior and posterior
regions in the
visual setting, that in the motor setting was found to be concentrated
within the posterior region. Further, activation in the putamen became stronger from
early to late stage in the
visual setting, but it decreased by the late stage in motor
setting. Activation in the ventral striatum and hippocampus was found only in the
visual setting. There seems to be a trend of shift in activation from the parietal in early
visual to parietal-premotor areas in late visual and early motor settings. The activation
in premotor areas became stronger by the late stage of
motor setting. The pre-SMA
was active only in the late stage of
visual setting and the caudal SMA only in the late
stage of
motor setting.

17



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