The name is absent

Chapter 4

with 100 ppm naphthenate (2.25×10^⁵ M). Water-wet fraction of kaolinite
increases from 50% to 88% when added betaine 13 increases from 100 ppm to
200 ppm. When added betaine 13 increases to 1000 ppm, water-wet fraction only
increases from 88% to 92%. If 200 ppm is chosen as optimal dosage of betaine
13, it is much larger than the 1:1 stoichiometry value with 100 ppm naphthenate.

Figure 4.8 Water-wet fraction of kaolinite with 100 ppm naphthenate adding 1000
ppm betaine at pH 8.3

Betaine 13 is an electrically neutral chemical compound with a positively
charged cationic ammonium ion and a negatively charged functional carboxylate
group, which is referred to as a specific type of zwitterion. At a certain pH, betaine

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